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Host quality induces phenotypic plasticity in a wing polyphenic insect.

Xinda Lin1, Yili Xu2, Jianru Jiang2

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Host plant quality, specifically glucose levels, influences insect development. This study shows that higher glucose mimics senescing plants, promoting long-winged morphs in brown planthoppers for dispersal.

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary Ecology
  • Insect Biology
  • Phenotypic Plasticity

Background:

  • Food quality is a key environmental factor influencing animal growth and development.
  • Insects exhibit phenotypic plasticity, such as facultative wing growth, as an adaptive response to environmental cues, balancing dispersal and reproduction.
  • The specific environmental triggers and molecular mechanisms for these adaptive forms in insects remain largely unknown.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of host plant quality in inducing wing development in the brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens).
  • To understand how changes in rice plant quality trigger the shift towards the long-winged morph, facilitating dispersal.

Main Methods:

  • Studied the brown planthopper, a wing polyphenic insect and significant rice pest.
  • Manipulated host plant quality by mimicking glucose concentrations of senescing rice plants.
  • Assessed the impact of altered glucose levels on the proportion of long-winged female planthoppers.

Main Results:

  • Mimicking the glucose concentration of senescing rice plants significantly increased the proportion of long-winged female brown planthoppers.
  • The effect of glucose on wing morph induction was found to be additive with density-dependent effects.
  • Host quality directly regulates phenotypic plasticity in wing development.

Conclusions:

  • Host plant quality, specifically glucose concentration, is a direct regulator of phenotypic plasticity in insects.
  • Glucose levels interact with other factors, like density, to determine the appropriate phenotype for prevailing environmental conditions.
  • This research elucidates a key environmental cue driving adaptive dispersal strategies in the brown planthopper.