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Area of Science:

  • Ecology
  • Biodiversity Science
  • Conservation Biology

Background:

  • Estimates of recent biodiversity change are inconsistent and rarely assess functional implications.
  • Understanding biodiversity trends is crucial for effective conservation and policy.
  • Previous studies often overlook the influence of spatial scale on biodiversity metrics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how spatial scale and measurement type affect temporal biodiversity change.
  • To analyze trends in taxonomic diversity (TD) and functional diversity (FD) over time.
  • To assess the functional implications of biodiversity change in avian assemblages and global extinctions.

Main Methods:

  • Analyzed a ~50-year dataset of avian assemblages from the North American Breeding Bird Survey.
  • Examined a dataset of global extinctions.
  • Assessed temporal trends in TD and FD across different spatial scales, considering assemblage dissimilarity, turnover, and nestedness.

Main Results:

  • A pervasive scale dependence was observed in temporal trends of TD and FD.
  • Average TD and FD increased at all scales except the global scale.
  • At larger scales, changes in TD exceeded changes in FD, suggesting functional resilience; assemblage dissimilarity and turnover declined, while nestedness increased with scale.

Conclusions:

  • Spatial scale significantly influences the perception and measurement of biodiversity change.
  • Functional resilience was indicated by the differing trends in TD and FD at larger scales.
  • A scale-explicit framework is essential for biodiversity monitoring, policy, and conservation efforts.