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Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a noninvasive medical imaging technique based on a phenomenon of nuclear physics discovered in the 1930s, in which matter exposed to magnetic fields and radio waves was found to emit radio signals. In 1970, a physician and researcher named Raymond Damadian noticed that malignant (cancerous) tissue gave off different signals than normal body tissue. He applied for a patent for the first MRI scanning device in clinical use by the early 1980s. The early MRI...
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Simultaneous Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation and Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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Induced Current Magnetic Resonance Electrical Conductivity Imaging With Oscillating Gradients.

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    Induced current magnetic resonance electrical impedance tomography (ICMREIT) uses MRI gradient fields to induce currents for conductivity imaging. While safe and potentially applicable, low sensitivity limits current clinical use.

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    Area of Science:

    • Biomedical Engineering
    • Medical Imaging
    • Electrical Engineering

    Background:

    • Electrical impedance tomography (EIT) provides functional imaging of conductivity distributions.
    • Integrating EIT with MRI offers potential for enhanced spatial resolution and multimodal data acquisition.
    • Existing methods face challenges in sensitivity, accuracy, and integration with MRI systems.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To propose and evaluate induced current magnetic resonance electrical impedance tomography (ICMREIT) using MRI gradient fields.
    • To establish a relationship between secondary magnetic flux density and low-frequency (LF) MR phase.
    • To assess the feasibility, safety, and limitations of ICMREIT for conductivity imaging.

    Main Methods:

    • Development of ICMREIT by inducing eddy currents via time-varying MRI gradient fields.
    • Numerical modeling of eddy current and magnetic flux density distributions.
    • Experimental evaluation on a 3T MRI scanner using a developed pulse sequence.
    • Formulation of the relationship between secondary magnetic flux density and LF MR phase.
    • Comparison of simulated and physical measurements of LF phase, eddy currents, and reconstructed conductivity.

    Main Results:

    • Simulated and measured characteristics of LF phase, eddy currents, and conductivity distributions showed agreement.
    • MR magnitude images confirmed the absence of geometric shifts affecting LF phase measurements.
    • Reconstructed conductivity images provided rough estimates of phantom conductivity distributions.
    • Low sensitivity of LF phase measurements was identified as a key limitation.

    Conclusions:

    • ICMREIT is a safe and potentially applicable technique for conductivity imaging.
    • The technique shows promise for integration with MRI systems.
    • Further optimization of measurement sensitivity and reconstruction accuracy is crucial for clinical translation.