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Updated: Feb 8, 2026

A Protocol for Detecting and Scavenging Gas-phase Free Radicals in Mainstream Cigarette Smoke
Published on: January 2, 2012
[Biomarkers of Smoking - Which Cut-Off Values Should be Used?]
Damian Gruber1, Macé M Schuurmans1
11 Klinik für Pneumologie, Universitätsspital Zürich.
Abstract:
Biomarkers of Smoking - Which Cut-Off Values Should be Used? Abstract. Verification of smoking status by means of biomarkers is important for treatment decisions of patients with smoking-related diseases. Cotinine is currently the best biomarker to document nicotine consumption. A low cost alternative method to determine smoking status is by measurement of carboxyhemoglobin (CO-Hb) in the exhaled breath. The main disadvantage of CO-Hb is the short half-life. The appropriate cut-off value for active nicotine consumption in Switzerland is 50 ng/ml or higher cotinine in the urine or 10 ng/ml and 12 ng/ml in serum and saliva, respectively. CO-Hb levels greater than 2 % indicate smoking with high probability, levels above 3 % with very high probability.
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