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Related Concept Videos

SN1 Reaction: Stereochemistry02:15

SN1 Reaction: Stereochemistry

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This lesson provides an in-depth discussion of the stereochemical outcomes in an SN1 reaction.
In the first step of an SN1 reaction, the bond between the electrophilic carbon and the leaving group ionizes to generate the carbocation intermediate. The second step of the mechanism is the nucleophilic attack.
In the formed carbocation, the positively charged carbon is sp2 hybridized with a trigonal planar geometry. As all the three substituents lie on the same plane, a plane of symmetry for the...
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SN1 Reaction: Kinetics02:05

SN1 Reaction: Kinetics

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In an SN2 reaction, the reaction rate depends on both the type of nucleophile and the substrate. A hindered tertiary alkyl halide is practically inert to the SN2 mechanism despite using a strong nucleophile.
However, Sir Christopher Ingold and Edward D. Hughes, who studied the kinetics of various nucleophilic substitution reactions, noticed that a tertiary alkyl halide does undergo a nucleophilic substitution reaction in the presence of a weak nucleophile. While studying the substitution...
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SN1 Reaction: Mechanism02:25

SN1 Reaction: Mechanism

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Kinetic studies of ionization of a tertiary halide in a protic solvent suggest that only the substrate participates in the rate-determining step (slow step). The nucleophile is involved only after the slowest step. The SN1 reaction takes place in a multiple-step mechanism. 
Firstly, the haloalkane ionizes to generate a carbocation intermediate and a halide ion. This heterolytic cleavage is highly endothermic with large activation energy. The ionization of the substrate, facilitated by a...
14.4K
Acidity of 1-Alkynes02:42

Acidity of 1-Alkynes

11.3K

The acidic strength of hydrocarbons follows the order: Alkynes > Alkenes > Alkanes. The strength of an acid is commonly expressed in units of pKa — the lower the pKa, the stronger the acid. Among the hydrocarbons, terminal alkynes have lower pKa values and are, therefore, more acidic. For example, the pKa values for ethane, ethene, and acetylene are 51, 44, and 25, respectively, as shown here.
11.3K
Predicting Products: SN1 vs. SN202:27

Predicting Products: SN1 vs. SN2

17.4K
Nucleophilic substitution reactions of alkyl halides can proceed via an SN1 or an SN2 mechanism. While in SN2 reactions, the nucleophile attacks the substrate simultaneously as the leaving group departs, in SN1 reactions, the substrate first dissociates to give the carbocation intermediate. Various factors such as the structure of the substrate, the strength of the nucleophile, and the nature of the solvent promote one mechanism over the other.
With increased substitution on the alkyl halide,...
17.4K
Rapidly Varying Flow01:24

Rapidly Varying Flow

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Rapidly varying flow (RVF) in open channels is characterized by abrupt changes in flow depth over a short distance, with the rate of depth change relative to distance often approaching unity. These flows are inherently complex due to their transient and multi-dimensional nature, making exact analysis difficult. However, approximate solutions using simplified models provide valuable insights into their behavior.Key Features of Rapidly Varying FlowRVF is commonly observed in scenarios involving...
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Macromol. Rapid Commun. 1/2016.

Takeo Suga1, Kohei Aoki2, Toshiaki Yashiro2

  • 1Waseda Institute for Advanced Study (WIAS), Waseda University, Tokyo, 169-8555, Japan.

Macromolecular Rapid Communications
|July 5, 2018
PubMed
Summary

RAFT polymerization created functional block copolymers with radical and ionic sites. These polymers form thin films exhibiting repeatable electric conductivity switching, a key feature for memory devices.

Keywords:
charge-transportionic polymernitroxide radicalorganic electronicspostpolymerization modification

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Area of Science:

  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Reversible Addition-Fragmentation chain Transfer (RAFT) polymerization is a controlled radical polymerization technique.
  • Block copolymers offer unique properties due to their distinct segments.
  • Functionalization of polymers is crucial for advanced material applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize novel functional block copolymers using RAFT polymerization and Click amidation.
  • To incorporate statistical radical and ionic sites into block copolymers.
  • To fabricate and characterize thin film devices for electrical conductivity switching.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of reactive block copolymers via RAFT polymerization, incorporating pentafluorophenyl ester (PFPA) groups.
  • Post-polymerization modification using Click amidation with specific amines to introduce radical (TEMPO-functionalized) and ionic (imidazolium-functionalized) sites.
  • Fabrication of monolayered thin film devices from the synthesized block copolymers.
  • Electrical characterization of the thin films to assess conductivity switching behavior.

Main Results:

  • Successful synthesis of functional block copolymers with precisely installed radical and ionic sites.
  • Fabrication of stable monolayered thin films.
  • Demonstration of repeatable electrical conductivity switching (on/off ratio > 10^3) in the thin film devices under bias voltage.
  • The PFPA segment was successfully functionalized with both radical and ionic moieties.

Conclusions:

  • The developed method allows for the creation of functional block copolymers with tunable properties.
  • These block copolymers are promising materials for electronic applications, particularly in memory devices.
  • The combination of RAFT polymerization and Click chemistry provides a versatile route to advanced functional materials.