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Related Concept Videos

Structural Classification of Joints01:20

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Joints, also known as articulations, are classified based on their structural characteristics, i.e., based on whether the articulating surfaces of the adjacent bones are directly connected by fibrous connective tissue or cartilage, or whether the articulating surfaces contact each other within a fluid-filled joint cavity. These differences serve to divide the joints of the body into three structural classifications.
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Angular momentum is directed perpendicular to the plane of the rotation, and its magnitude depends on the choice of the origin. The perpendicular vector joining the linear momentum vector of an object to the origin is called the “lever arm.” If the lever arm and linear momentum are collinear, then the magnitude of the angular momentum is zero. Therefore, in this case, the object rotates about the origin such that it lies on the rim of the circumference defined by the lever arm...
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Electron Microscope Tomography and Single-particle Reconstruction01:07

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Pure substances consist of only one type of matter. A pure substance can be an element or a compound. An element consists of only one type of atom, while a compound consists of two or more types of atoms held together by a chemical bond. Elements are classified as atomic or molecular based on the nature of their basic units.
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Subatomic Particles

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Dalton was only partially correct about the particles that make up matter. All matter is composed of atoms, and atoms are composed of three smaller subatomic particles: protons, neutrons, and electrons. These three particles account for the mass and the charge of an atom.
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Single Particle Cryo-Electron Microscopy: From Sample to Structure
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Classification of Single Particles from Human Cell Extract Reveals Distinct Structures.

Eric J Verbeke1, Anna L Mallam1, Kevin Drew1

  • 1Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.

Cell Reports
|July 5, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces shotgun electron microscopy (EM) combined with mass spectrometry to determine the 3D structures of protein complexes directly from cell extracts. This powerful approach reveals native proteasome structures and unknown macromolecular machines.

Keywords:
cellular fractionationdeep classificationelectron microscopyheterogeneity analysismass spectrometryprotein complexesstructural biology

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Area of Science:

  • Structural biology
  • Cellular biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Multi-protein complexes are crucial for cellular functions, but their structural determination is challenging.
  • Current methods often require purified samples, limiting analysis of complex biological mixtures.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate a method for high-resolution structural characterization of macromolecular complexes directly from heterogeneous cell extracts.
  • To overcome limitations of traditional structural biology techniques reliant on purified samples.

Main Methods:

  • Integration of single-particle analysis by electron microscopy (EM) with protein identification by mass spectrometry.
  • Application of two-dimensional and ab initio classification for analyzing heterogeneous mixtures.
  • Utilizing a 'shotgun EM' approach combined with mass spectrometry.

Main Results:

  • Successfully identified Heat Shock Protein 60 (HSP60).
  • Obtained three-dimensional structures of native proteasomes from unpurified samples.
  • Revealed a large, approximately 1-MDa structure of unknown composition, with potential identities suggested by proteomics data.

Conclusions:

  • Shotgun EM coupled with mass spectrometry is a powerful tool for uncovering the structures of macromolecular machines in their native cellular context.
  • This integrated approach advances structural biology by enabling analysis of heterogeneous mixtures, moving beyond purified samples.