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Related Concept Videos

Microtubules01:35

Microtubules

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There are three types of cytoskeletal structures in eukaryotic cells—microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules. With a diameter of about 25 nm, microtubules are the thickest of these fibers. Microtubules carry out a variety of functions that include cell structure and support, transport of organelles, cell motility (movement), and the separation of chromosomes during cell division.
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Microtubules01:18

Microtubules

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Microtubules are the thickest cytoskeletal filaments with a diameter of 25 nm. In prokaryotic organisms, microtubules are commonly found in locomotory appendages like cilia and flagella. In eukaryotic cells, microtubules form specialized extensions for moving fluid over the surface, like those found in cells lining the intestine.
Microtubules have two structurally similar globular protein subunits: α and β tubulins. In the cytosol, the α and β tubulins form a heterodimer....
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Assembly of Complex Microtubule Structures01:32

Assembly of Complex Microtubule Structures

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Complex microtubule structures are present in resting cells and in dividing cells. In resting cells, they are responsible for maintaining the cellular architecture, tracks for intracellular transport, positioning of organelles, assembly of cilia and flagella. They mediate the bipolar spindle assembly for chromosomal segregation and positioning of the cell division plate in dividing cells. The formation of microtubule complex structures depends on the cell type, cell stage, and cell function.
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ATP Synthase: Structure01:18

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ATP synthase or ATPase is among the most conserved proteins found in bacteria, mammals, and plants. This enzyme can catalyze a forward reaction in response to the electrochemical gradient, producing ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate. ATP synthase can also work in a reverse direction by hydrolyzing ATP and generating an electrochemical gradient. Different forms of ATP synthases have evolved special features to meet the specific demands of the cell. Based on their specific feature, ATP...
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Protein Complex Assembly02:41

Protein Complex Assembly

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Proteins can form homomeric complexes with another unit of the same protein or heteromeric complexes with different types.  Most protein complexes self-assemble spontaneously via ordered pathways, while some proteins need assembly factors that guide their proper assembly. Despite the crowded intracellular environment, proteins usually interact with their correct partners and form functional complexes.
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ATP Synthase: Mechanism01:48

ATP Synthase: Mechanism

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In animals, the mitochondrial F1F0 ATP synthase is the key protein that synthesizes ATP molecules through a complex catalytic mechanism. While the nuclear genome encodes the majority of ATP synthase subunits, the mitochondrial genome encodes some of the enzyme's most critical components. The formation of this multi-subunit enzyme is a complex multi-step process regulated at the level of transcription, translation, and assembly. Defects in one or more of these steps can result in decreased...
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Analyzing the Movement of the Nauplius 'Artemia salina' by Optical Tracking of Plasmonic Nanoparticles
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Exploring Microtubule-Dependent Cellulose-Synthase-Complex Movement with High Precision Particle Tracking.

Marcus Woodley1, Adam Mulvihill2, Miki Fujita3

  • 1Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4 BC, Canada. mwoodley94@gmail.com.

Plants (Basel, Switzerland)
|July 6, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Microtubules influence cellulose synthase complex (CSC) speed through complex mechanisms, not direct physical contact. This finding impacts understanding of plant cell wall formation and growth.

Keywords:
TIRFcellulose-synthase-complexgrowth anisotropymicrotubuleparticle tracking

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Area of Science:

  • Plant biology
  • Cell biology
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • Cellulose synthesis is vital for plant growth, occurring at the plasma membrane.
  • Cellulose synthase complexes (CSCs) produce cellulose, and their displacement speed indicates enzyme activity.
  • The role of cortical microtubules in regulating CSC speed remains unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between cortical microtubules and the speed of cellulose synthase complexes (CSCs).
  • To determine if microtubule proximity or dynamics influence CSC displacement speed.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized high-throughput automated particle tracking with near-total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy.
  • Measured CSC speeds in various mutants and under different microtubule-inhibiting conditions.

Main Results:

  • CSC speeds did not correlate with proximity to microtubules.
  • Microtubule inhibition had varied effects on CSC speed (e.g., increased in mor1-1 mutant, decreased with oryzalin).
  • Microtubule dynamics, not just physical association, impact CSC speed, independent of Cellulose Synthase A (CesA) activity.

Conclusions:

  • Microtubules regulate CSC speed via mechanisms independent of direct physical association.
  • The interaction between microtubule dynamics and CSC speed is complex and finely tuned.
  • Findings offer new insights into the regulation of plant cell wall biosynthesis.