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Carbon is the basis of all organic matter on Earth, and is recycled through the ecosystem in two primary processes: one in which carbon is exchanged among living organisms, and one in which carbon is cycled over long periods of time through fossilized organic remains, weathering of rocks, and volcanic activity. Human activities, including increased agricultural practices and the burning of fossil fuels, has greatly affected the balance of the natural carbon cycle.
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Life on Earth is carbon-based, as all macromolecules that make up living organisms contain carbon atoms. All organic compounds have a carbon backbone. Each carbon atom is tetravalent and can bond with four other atoms, making it an extraordinarily flexible component of biological molecules. Because carbon’s valence electrons are stable, it rarely becomes an ion. As the carbon chain increases in length, structural modifications such as ring structures, double bonds, and branching side...
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Positive regulators allow a cell to advance through cell cycle checkpoints. Negative regulators have an equally important role as they terminate a cell’s progression through the cell cycle—or pause it—until the cell meets specific criteria.
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When a substance—isolated from its environment—is subjected to heat changes, corresponding changes in temperature and phase of the substance is observed; this is graphically represented by heating and cooling curves.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 8, 2026

Sampling and Pretreatment of Tooth Enamel Carbonate for Stable Carbon and Oxygen Isotope Analysis
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Toward Negatively Curved Carbons.

Sai Ho Pun1, Qian Miao1

  • 1Department of Chemistry , The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin, New Territories , Hong Kong , China.

Accounts of Chemical Research
|July 6, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Researchers synthesized negatively curved nanographenes, potential precursors to novel carbon allotropes like carbon schwarzites. These unique structures offer insights into π-bond limits and exhibit semiconducting properties.

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Organic Chemistry
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Theoretical carbon allotropes with negative curvature, such as carbon schwarzites, are proposed but not yet synthesized.
  • Seven- or eight-membered rings in carbon lattices induce negative curvature, contrasting with the positive curvature of fullerenes.
  • Negatively curved nanographenes are organic molecules that serve as building blocks for these theoretical carbon structures.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To design and synthesize novel negatively curved nanographenes using organic synthesis methods.
  • To investigate the structure, stereochemical dynamics, and properties of these nanographenes.
  • To explore their potential as precursors for carbon schwarzites and toroidal carbon nanotubes.

Main Methods:

  • Design of nanographenes using heptagon- or octagon-embedded π systems like [7]circulene and [8]circulene.

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  • Synthesis of larger nanographenes by expanding or connecting basic structural units.
  • Utilizing the Scholl reaction for efficient carbon-carbon bond formation via oxidative cyclodehydrogenation.
  • Characterization using X-ray crystallography and computational methods.

    • Main Results:

    • Successful synthesis of negatively curved nanographenes with up to 96 sp² carbon atoms.
    • X-ray crystallography revealed highly curved π faces and significant out-of-plane deformation of benzenoid rings.
    • Computational studies indicated flexible polycyclic frameworks with unique stereochemical dynamics.
    • Demonstrated semiconducting properties in the solid state for some synthesized nanographenes.

    Conclusions:

    • Negatively curved nanographenes are viable synthetic targets and valuable segments of theoretical carbon allotropes.
    • Their study provides fundamental insights into the limits of π bonding and aromaticity in polycyclic systems.
    • These nanographenes represent a crucial step towards the synthesis of new carbon allotropes and advanced nanocarbon materials.