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Quantum Numbers

Quantum Numbers

It is said that the energy of an electron in an atom is quantized; that is, it can be equal only to certain specific values and can jump from one energy level to another but not transition smoothly or stay between these levels.

The Hall Effect

The Hall Effect

Edwin H. Hall, in the year 1879, devised an experiment that could be used to identify the polarity of the predominant charge carriers in a conducting material. From a historical perspective, this experiment was the first to demonstrate that the charge carriers in most metals are negative.

The Quantum-Mechanical Model of an Atom

The Quantum-Mechanical Model of an Atom

Shortly after de Broglie published his ideas that the electron in a hydrogen atom could be better thought of as being a circular standing wave instead of a particle moving in quantized circular orbits, Erwin Schrödinger extended de Broglie’s work by deriving what is now known as the Schrödinger equation. When Schrödinger applied his equation to hydrogen-like atoms, he was able to reproduce Bohr’s expression for the energy and, thus, the Rydberg formula governing hydrogen spectra.

NMR Spectroscopy: Spin–Spin Coupling

NMR Spectroscopy: Spin–Spin Coupling

The spin state of an NMR-active nucleus can have a slight effect on its immediate electronic environment. This effect propagates through the intervening bonds and affects the electronic environments of NMR-active nuclei up to three bonds away; occasionally, even farther. This phenomenon is called spin–spin coupling or J-coupling. Coupling interactions are mutual and result in small changes in the absorption frequencies of both nuclei involved. While nuclei of the same element are involved...

Spin–Spin Coupling: One-Bond Coupling

Spin–Spin Coupling: One-Bond Coupling

Coupling interactions are strongest between NMR-active nuclei bonded to each other, where spin information can be transmitted directly through the pair of bonding electrons. While nuclei polarize their electrons to the opposite spins, the bonding electron pair has opposite spins. Configurations with antiparallel nuclear spins are expected to be lower in energy. When coupling makes antiparallel states more favorable, J is considered to have a positive value. The one-bond coupling constant, 1J,...

Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview

Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview

In bromoethane, the three methyl protons are coupled to the two methylene protons that are three bonds away. In accordance with the n+1 rule, the signal from the methyl protons is split into three peaks with 1:2:1 relative intensities. The methylene protons appear as a quartet, with the relative intensities of 1:3:3:1.
Qualitatively, any spin plus-half nucleus polarizes the spins of its electrons to the minus-half state. Consequently, the paired electron in the hydrogen–carbon bond must...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 8, 2026

Production and Targeting of Monovalent Quantum Dots

Production and Targeting of Monovalent Quantum Dots

Published on: October 23, 2014

High Mobility HgTe Microstructures for Quantum Spin Hall Studies.

Kalle Bendias¹, Saquib Shamim¹, Oliver Herrmann¹

¹Physikalisches Institut (EP3) , Universität Würzburg , Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg , Germany.

|July 6, 2018

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed new (Cd,Hg)Te/HgTe structures with robust edge states, enabling stable quantum spin Hall (QSH) conductance up to 15 K for spintronics and topological quantum computing advancements.

Keywords:

HgTe Topological insulators mobility quantum spin Hall effect topological superconductivity wet etching

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Area of Science:

Condensed Matter Physics
Materials Science

Background:

Two-dimensional topological insulators are crucial for quantum spin Hall (QSH) effect studies.
Previous research faced challenges due to the fragility of edge states in QSH systems.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop high-quality (Cd,Hg)Te/HgTe structures with enhanced edge state stability.
To explore the potential of these structures for spintronics and topological quantum computation.

Main Methods:

Fabrication of (Cd,Hg)Te/HgTe heterostructures using a novel chemical etching technique.
Magnetotransport measurements on macro- and microscopic Hall bars to characterize material properties.

Main Results:

Achieved high electron mobilities (μ up to 400 × 10³ cm²/V s) and long mean free paths (λmfp comparable to sample dimensions).
Observed quantized spin Hall conductance remarkably stable up to 15 K.
Successfully fabricated high-quality Josephson junctions utilizing the robust edge states.

Conclusions:

The new structures provide a platform for fundamental research on the QSH effect.
Demonstrated potential for applications in spintronics and topological quantum computation due to robust edge states.