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Diversity, evolution, and function of myriapod hemocyanins.

Samantha Scherbaum1, Nadja Hellmann2, Rosa Fernández3,4

  • 1Institute of Zoology, University of Hamburg, D-20146, Hamburg, Germany.

BMC Evolutionary Biology
|July 7, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Hemocyanin, a protein for oxygen transport, is more common in Myriapoda than previously thought. Despite low expression in some species, it effectively supports oxygen supply, even in early development.

Keywords:
ArthropodaEvolutionHemocyaninMyriapodaPhenoloxidaseSubunit diversity

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Area of Science:

  • Zoology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Hemocyanin is a respiratory protein crucial for oxygen transport in many arthropods.
  • Its presence in Myriapoda has been historically overlooked, with assumptions of its absence.
  • This study re-evaluates the role and prevalence of hemocyanin in myriapods.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify hemocyanin-like proteins across major myriapod taxa.
  • To investigate the expression levels and functional significance of hemocyanin in myriapods.
  • To understand the evolutionary trajectory of hemocyanin in this group.

Main Methods:

  • Genome and transcriptome sequencing of 56 myriapod species.
  • RNA-seq analysis to quantify hemocyanin mRNA levels.
  • Biochemical assays to assess oxygen binding in hemolymph.

Main Results:

  • Identified 46 novel hemocyanin subunit sequences in Chilopoda, Diplopoda, and Symphyla, but not Pauropoda.
  • Detected hemocyanin with mutated copper-binding centers in Cleidogona sp. (Diplopoda).
  • Demonstrated functional oxygen transport by hemocyanin in Scolopendra dehaani, even at low expression levels, with significantly higher expression in fertilized eggs.

Conclusions:

  • Hemocyanin was likely present in the ancestral myriapod lineage, with multiple independent losses.
  • Hemocyanin is more widespread in Myriapoda than previously recognized.
  • Non-respiratory hemocyanin-like proteins have evolved in myriapods, alongside functional respiratory forms.