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The study of music provides many examples of the superposition of waves and the constructive and destructive interference that occurs. Very few examples of music being performed consist of a single source playing a single frequency for an extended period of time. A single frequency of sound for an extended period might be monotonous to the point of irritation, similar to the unwanted drone of an aircraft engine or a loud fan. Music is pleasant and exciting due to mixing the changing frequencies...
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Beet the Best?

Mary Woessner1,2, Mitch D VanBruggen2, Carl F Pieper3

  • 1From the Institute of Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia (M.W.).

Circulation Research
|July 7, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Oral nitrate supplementation, specifically from beetroot juice, significantly improved walking ability and skeletal muscle perfusion in patients with peripheral artery disease (PAD) undergoing exercise rehabilitation. This approach may enhance training adaptations for better ambulatory function in PAD patients.

Keywords:
exercisehumansinorganic nitratenitric oxideperipheral artery disease

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Medicine
  • Sports Science
  • Nutritional Biochemistry

Background:

  • Peripheral artery disease (PAD) and intermittent claudication significantly impair ambulatory function.
  • Supervised exercise rehabilitation offers superior walking benefits compared to pharmacological or surgical treatments for PAD.
  • Oral nitrate supplementation can increase plasma nitrite, potentially enhancing exercise performance, especially under hypoxic conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate if a 36-session exercise rehabilitation program combined with oral inorganic nitrate (beetroot juice) yields superior benefits over exercise plus placebo.
  • To assess improvements in pain-free walking and skeletal muscle perfusion markers in PAD patients with intermittent claudication.

Main Methods:

  • A randomized, double-blind, per-protocol study design was employed.
  • Participants underwent a 12-week exercise rehabilitation program.
  • Intervention groups received either concentrated beetroot juice (oral nitrate) or a placebo.

Main Results:

  • The beetroot juice group showed a significantly greater increase in claudication onset time (180.3 ± 46.6 s) compared to the placebo group (59.2 ± 57.3 s).
  • Six-minute walk distance increased more in the beetroot juice group (53.3 ± 19.6 m) than the placebo group (24.6 ± 12.1 m).
  • Gastrocnemius perfusion markers, including peak reactive hyperemic blood flow and tissue deoxygenation, improved significantly with beetroot juice supplementation.

Conclusions:

  • Early evidence suggests that nitrate-based therapy, combined with exercise, is encouraging for PAD treatment.
  • Increased plasma nitrite before exercise may enable PAD patients to train with less pain and at higher workloads.
  • This approach could maximize beneficial peripheral vascular and skeletal muscle adaptations in patients with PAD.