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Related Concept Videos

C–C Bond Cleavage: Retro-Aldol Reaction00:57

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The reverse of the aldol addition reaction is called the retro-aldol reaction. Here, the carbon–carbon bond in the aldol product is cleaved under acidic or basic conditions to form two molecules of carbonyl compounds. The mechanism of the reaction consists of three steps.
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The Diels–Alder reaction is thermally reversible, meaning that the reaction reverts to the starting diene and dienophile under suitable temperatures. The forward reaction gives a cyclohexene derivative and is favored at low to medium temperatures. The reverse process, also called retro-Diels–Alder reaction, is a ring-opening process favored at high temperatures.
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Frustration occurs when people are obstructed or prevented from achieving a desired goal or fulfilling a perceived need. For example, when someone's input is ignored in a discussion, it can lead to feelings of frustration. Conflict, however, arises from opposing interests, goals, or actions. Conflicts can take various forms based on the nature of these opposing desires or goals.
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The actuarial approach, a statistical method originally developed for life insurance risk assessment, is widely used to calculate survival rates in clinical and population studies. This method accounts for participants lost to follow-up or those who die from causes unrelated to the study, ensuring a more accurate representation of survival probabilities.
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The information-processing theory of cognitive development centers on fundamental mental processes, including attention, memory, and problem-solving skills. Researchers in this field examine how cognitive abilities, such as working memory, evolve and influence children's overall development. Studies indicate that children with stronger working memory tend to excel in reading comprehension, math, and problem-solving compared to peers with less efficient memory skills. Low working memory is...
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The nativist approach to infant cognitive development proposes that infants are born with inherent knowledge structures that allow them to interpret the world almost immediately. This perspective contrasts with earlier developmental theories, such as those proposed by Jean Piaget, which emphasized a more gradual acquisition of cognitive abilities through interaction with the environment. One key concept in this approach is object permanence — the understanding that objects continue to...
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Related Experiment Video

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Gasless Endoscopic Thyroidectomy via the Trans-Axillary Approach
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Retro-Auricular Thyroidectomy: An Open Approach.

Jason Trahan1, Laura Pelaez1, Michael DiLeo1

  • 1Department of Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 533 Bolivar Street, Suite 566, New Orleans, LA 70112 USA.

Indian Journal of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery : Official Publication of the Association of Otolaryngologists of India
|July 7, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A novel retro-auricular thyroidectomy technique offers a safe, cost-effective alternative to robotic surgery for thyroid lobectomy. This approach avoids the need for robotic or endoscopic assistance, making remote access thyroid surgery more accessible.

Keywords:
Distant access thyroidectomyRetro-auricular thyroidectomyThyroidectomy

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Surgical Oncology
  • Minimally Invasive Surgery

Background:

  • Distant access robot-assisted thyroidectomy is increasingly popular but faces barriers like high cost and specialized training requirements.
  • Existing remote access techniques often rely on expensive robotic or endoscopic equipment.
  • A need exists for more accessible and cost-effective methods for remote access thyroid surgery.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the preliminary clinical experience and feasibility of a modified retro-auricular thyroidectomy approach.
  • To assess the safety, reproducibility, and effectiveness of this technique without robotic or endoscopic assistance.
  • To present a cost-effective alternative for remote access thyroidectomy.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective chart review of ten patients undergoing retro-auricular thyroidectomy.
  • Procedure performed without robotic or endoscopic assistance.
  • Analysis of patient demographics, operative details, pathology, and postoperative outcomes.

Main Results:

  • Ten female patients (average age 36 years) underwent the procedure.
  • Average operative time was 91 minutes; all procedures were completed without conversion to open surgery.
  • Benign pathology was confirmed in all cases, with two instances of temporary vocal cord paresis.

Conclusions:

  • The modified retro-auricular thyroidectomy is a safe and reproducible technique for thyroid lobectomy.
  • This approach provides an accessible and cost-effective option for remote access thyroid surgery.
  • Further studies can validate this technique as a viable alternative to current remote access methods.