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Updated: Feb 8, 2026

Evaluating the Function of the Foot Core System in the Elderly
Published on: March 11, 2022
A nearly complete foot from Dikika, Ethiopia and its implications for the ontogeny and function of Australopithecus
Jeremy M DeSilva1, Corey M Gill2,3,4, Thomas C Prang5,6
1Department of Anthropology, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA.
Abstract:
The functional and evolutionary implications of primitive retentions in early hominin feet have been under debate since the discovery of Australopithecus afarensis. Ontogeny can provide insight into adult phenotypes, but juvenile early hominin foot fossils are exceptionally rare. We analyze a nearly complete, 3.32-million-year-old juvenile foot of A. afarensis (DIK-1-1f). We show that juvenile A. afarensis individuals already had many of the bipedal features found in adult specimens. However, they also had medial cuneiform traits associated with increased hallucal mobility and a more gracile calcaneal tuber, which is unexpected on the basis of known adult morphologies. Selection for traits functionally associated with juvenile pedal grasping may provide a new perspective on their retention in the more terrestrial adult A. afarensis.
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