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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 8, 2026

An Experimental Human DIEP Flap Model to Investigate Preservation Strategies for Vascularized Composite Allografts and Free Flaps

An Experimental Human DIEP Flap Model to Investigate Preservation Strategies for Vascularized Composite Allografts and Free Flaps

Published on: December 5, 2025

Trapezius perforator flaps: anatomical basis using 58 dissections.

Philippe Manyacka Ma Nyemb^1,2, Christian Fontaine³, Véronique Martinot-Duquennoy⁴

¹Department of Anatomy and Organogenesis, UFR 2S, Gaston Berger University, Route de Ngallèlle, 234, Saint-Louis, Senegal. phil_manyacka@yahoo.fr.

Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy : SRA

|July 7, 2018

Summary

This study mapped trapezius muscle perforating arteries using cadaver dissections. Surgeons can now utilize identified landmarks for reliable trapezius perforator flap reconstruction.

Keywords:

Dorsal scapular artery Perforator flaps Trapezius

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Last Updated: Feb 8, 2026

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Area of Science:

Anatomy
Surgical Reconstruction

Background:

The trapezius muscle is a viable option for soft tissue defects in the neck and chest.
Pedicled flaps utilizing trapezius perforators are infrequently documented.

Purpose of the Study:

To map the perforating arteries within the trapezius muscle.
To identify reliable landmarks for harvesting trapezius perforator flaps.

Main Methods:

Dissection of 58 anatomical regions in 32 cadavers.
Inventorying trapezius perforating arteries based on location, dimensions, and frequency.
Utilizing scapular spine and spinous process line as anatomical references.

Main Results:

The primary trapezius perforators were consistently found along two vertical lines, 5-6 cm lateral to the spinous process line.
An average of 16 perforators (range 5-27) with a mean diameter of 0.6 mm were identified on each side.
These perforators were located between the scapular spine, the inferior tip of the scapula, and the superior trapezius margin.

Conclusions:

The study successfully mapped key trapezius perforating arteries.
Fixed anatomical landmarks within the trapezius muscle have been identified for flap design.
These findings facilitate the development of predictable trapezius perforator flaps for reconstructive surgery.