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Related Concept Videos

Properties of Transition Metals02:58

Properties of Transition Metals

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Transition metals are defined as those elements that have partially filled d orbitals. As shown in Figure 1, the d-block elements in groups 3–12 are transition elements. The f-block elements, also called inner transition metals (the lanthanides and actinides), also meet this criterion because the d orbital is partially occupied before the f orbitals.
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Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
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The range is one of the measures of variation. It can be defined as the difference between a dataset's highest and lowest values. For example, in the study of seven 16-ounce soda cans, the filled volume of soda was measured, thus producing the following amount (in ounces) of soda:
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Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition02:33

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Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...
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Cooperative allosteric transitions can occur in multimeric proteins, where each subunit of the protein has its own ligand-binding site. When a ligand binds to any of these subunits, it triggers a conformational change that affects the binding sites in the other subunits; this can change the affinity of the other sites for their respective ligands. The ability of the protein to change the shape of its binding site is attributed to the presence of a mix of flexible and stable segments in the...
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The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase molecules...
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Generation and Coherent Control of Pulsed Quantum Frequency Combs
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Direct Frequency-Comb-Driven Raman Transitions in the Terahertz Range.

C Solaro1, S Meyer1, K Fisher1

  • 1Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.

Physical Review Letters
|July 7, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

We used a femtosecond frequency comb to precisely measure atomic energy levels. This new Raman spectroscopy technique offers significantly improved accuracy for terahertz transitions.

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Area of Science:

  • Quantum optics
  • Atomic physics
  • Spectroscopy

Background:

  • Precise measurement of atomic energy levels is crucial for fundamental physics and metrology.
  • Stimulated Raman spectroscopy is a powerful tool for probing atomic transitions.
  • Existing methods face limitations in accuracy and applicability to a wide range of frequencies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate a femtosecond frequency comb for coherent driving of stimulated Raman transitions.
  • To achieve high-accuracy spectroscopy of terahertz-spaced atomic energy levels.
  • To explore the generalization of this technique to various atomic and molecular systems.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing a femtosecond frequency comb to drive stimulated Raman transitions.
  • Focusing on the 3d 2D3/2 and 3d 2D5/2 fine structure levels of a single trapped 40Ca+ ion.
  • Spectroscopic resolution of the transition frequency.

Main Results:

  • Resolved the transition frequency of 40Ca+ to be 1,819,599,021,534 ± 8 Hz.
  • Achieved accuracy nearly five times better than previous Raman spectroscopy.
  • Demonstrated millisecond coherence time and 99.3(6)% Rabi oscillation contrast.
  • Showed that population dynamics are predictable from comb properties.

Conclusions:

  • Femtosecond frequency combs enable highly accurate Raman spectroscopy of atomic energy levels.
  • The technique offers significant improvements in accuracy and coherence.
  • This method is versatile and applicable to a broad range of transitions, including molecular and highly charged ion systems.