Downregulated Pancreatic Beta Cell Genes Indicate Poor Prognosis in Patients With Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Neoplasms
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Updated: Feb 8, 2026
In situ Quantification of Pancreatic Beta-cell Mass in Mice
Published on: June 7, 2010
Atsushi Kudo1, Keiichi Akahoshi1, Sakiko Ito1
1Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.
Objective:
To predict metachronous liver metastasis after pancreatectomy for pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (Pan-NENs).
Summary Of Background Data:
Liver metastasis determines the prognosis of patients with Pan-NENs, but no index exists in the WHO 2017 classification for this prediction.
Methods:
Between April 2014 and March 2018, resected primary tumors from 20 patients with or without simultaneous liver metastasis were examined using genome-wide gene expression analysis. For validation analysis, resected primary tumors from 62 patients without simultaneous liver metastasis were examined for PAX6 expression.
Results:
Gene expression profiling revealed pancreatic beta cell genes (NES, -2.0; P < 0.001) as the most downregulated set in patients with simultaneous liver metastasis. In the test study, PAX6 was the most valuable index for liver metastasis (log FC, -3.683; P = 0.0096). Multivariate analysis identified PAX6 expression (hazard ratio, 0.2; P = 0.03) as an independent risk factor for metachronous liver metastasis-free survival (mLM-FS). The 5-year mLM-FS of patients with high versus low PAX6 expression was significantly better (95% vs 66%, respectively; P < 0.0001). The 5-year overall survival rate of was also better than in those with high versus low PAX6 expression (100% vs 87%, respectively). Patients with low PAX 6 expression were significantly younger and leaner, had a higher Ki-67 index (P = 0.01, 0.007, 0.008, respectively), and showed a higher mitotic rate than patients with high PAX6 expression.
Conclusions:
Downregulated pancreatic beta cell genes involving PAX6 in primary tumors may predict mLM and poor overall survival after primary tumor resection in Pan-NEN patients.
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