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Related Concept Videos

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus01:19

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus

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The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...
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Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna01:15

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The ulna and radius are parallel bones of the antebrachium or the forearm. The ulna lies medially and consists of a bony tip called the olecranon process at its proximal end. This hook-like projection articulates with the olecranon fossa of the humerus and forms the "hinged" ulnohumeral part of the elbow joint. This joint facilitates forearm extension and flexion while preventing its hyperextension. Similarly, the coronoid process, another bony projection on the proximal/anterior side...
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Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius01:09

Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius

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The radius is longer of the two bones that make up the human antebrachium or forearm. At the proximal end, the radius articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and the radial notch of the ulna to form the elbow joint. At the distal end, the radius articulates with the ulna via the ulnar notch, forming the distal radioulnar joint. Distally, the radius also attaches to the carpal wrist bones (scaphoid and lunate) to form the radiocarpal joint.
The radius has a nail-shaped head, and a...
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Absolute and Local Extreme Values01:22

Absolute and Local Extreme Values

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The highest and lowest values of a function, relative to a reference axis, are known as extreme values. These include absolute maximum and absolute minimum values, which represent the highest and lowest points the function reaches across its entire domain. Within a restricted portion of the function, the highest and lowest values are referred to as local maximum and local minimum values, respectively.Periodic functions, such as sine and cosine, show extreme values at infinitely many points due...
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Arteries of the Upper Limbs01:12

Arteries of the Upper Limbs

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The subclavian artery transitions into the axillary artery as it exits the chest and enters the axillary region. This artery is critical for supplying blood to the shoulder area, including the head of the humerus, through the humeral circumflex arteries. As the vessel continues into the upper arm or brachium, it becomes the brachial artery. This artery plays a key role in vascularizing the brachial region and bifurcates at the elbow into several branches. These branches include the deep...
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Veins of Upper Limbs01:17

Veins of Upper Limbs

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The human circulatory system, a marvel of biological engineering, is a complex network of vessels that transport blood throughout the body. Among these, the veins responsible for carrying blood from the upper limbs are divided into two categories: deep and superficial.
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Updated: Feb 8, 2026

Modeling Primary Bone Tumors and Bone Metastasis with Solid Tumor Graft Implantation into Bone
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Bone Graft Options in Upper-Extremity Surgery.

Christopher S Klifto1, Sapan D Gandi2, Anthony Sapienza3

  • 1Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC.

The Journal of Hand Surgery
|July 8, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Bone grafting is crucial for upper extremity injuries causing bone loss. This review explores various bone graft options and selection factors for optimal patient outcomes.

Keywords:
Bone graftingbone morphogenic proteinscaphoid nonunionupper extremityvascularized

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedic Surgery
  • Regenerative Medicine
  • Biomaterials Science

Background:

  • Bone grafting addresses significant bone stock deficits in the upper extremity.
  • Indications include trauma, nonunions, malunions, lesions, and post-osteomyelitis defects.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review available bone graft options for the upper extremity.
  • To guide the selection of appropriate bone grafts based on patient-specific factors.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of bone grafting techniques and materials.
  • Analysis of factors influencing graft selection.

Main Results:

  • Multiple bone graft options exist for upper extremity reconstruction.
  • Graft choice depends on defect size, characteristics, and donor site considerations.

Conclusions:

  • Optimal bone graft selection is key for successful upper extremity reconstruction.
  • Understanding graft options and patient factors improves outcomes.