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Related Concept Videos

Beams01:30

Beams

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Beams are integral components of structural engineering and construction, designed to support loads applied at various points along their length. These long, straight members can be classified based on geometry, cross-section, support type, and equilibrium condition.
Based on geometry, beams can be straight, tapered, or curved. Straight beams are the most common type and have a constant cross-section throughout their length. Tapered beams, on the other hand, have a varying cross-section along...
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Stem cell therapy is a method used in regenerative medicine to repair and restore function to damaged tissues and organs. Stem cells have the potential to proliferate and differentiate into various tissue types, making them ideal candidates for tissue regeneration. For example, hematopoietic stem cell transplants are commonly used in blood cancer treatment to replenish damaged bone marrow and restore healthy blood cells.
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Normal Distribution01:11

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The normal, a continuous distribution, is the most important of all the distributions. Its graph is a bell-shaped symmetrical curve, which is observed in almost all disciplines. Some of these include psychology, business, economics, the sciences, nursing, and, of course, mathematics. Some instructors may use the normal distribution to help determine students’ grades. Most IQ scores are normally distributed. Often real-estate prices fit a normal distribution. The normal distribution is...
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Normal Stress01:19

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Normal stress is a type of stress that occurs when forces act perpendicular, or normal, to a material's cross-sectional area. This stress often arises in structures when subjected to axial loading, which is the application of force along the axis of an object. A practical example of this can be found in bridge truss members.
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Deflection of a Beam01:19

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Accurately determining beam deflection and slope under various loading conditions in structural engineering is crucial for ensuring safety and structural integrity. Singularity functions offer a streamlined approach to analyzing beams, especially when multiple loading functions complicate the bending moment equation.
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Global Climate Change01:50

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Throughout its ~4.5 billion year history, the Earth has experienced periods of warming and cooling. However, the current drastic increase in global temperatures is well outside of the Earth’s cyclic norms, and evidence for human-caused global climate change is compelling. Paleoclimatology, the study of ancient climate conditions, provides ample evidence for human-caused global climate change by comparing recent conditions with those in the past.
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Updated: Feb 8, 2026

Proton Therapy Delivery and Its Clinical Application in Select Solid Tumor Malignancies
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Normal liver tissue change after proton beam therapy.

Nobuyoshi Fukumitsu1, Shinsei Takahashi2, Toshiyuki Okumura2

  • 1Proton Medical Research Center, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, 305-8575, Japan. fukumitsu@pmrc.tsukuba.ac.jp.

Japanese Journal of Radiology
|July 8, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Normal liver tissue volume changes after proton beam therapy (PBT) are variable, impacting dose distribution over two years. Careful planning is crucial for re-irradiation to account for these dynamic changes.

Keywords:
HCCImage registrationLiverProton beam therapy

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Area of Science:

  • Radiation Oncology
  • Medical Physics
  • Hepatology

Background:

  • Proton beam therapy (PBT) is an advanced radiation technique used for liver tumors.
  • Understanding long-term changes in normal liver tissue after PBT is essential for optimizing treatment and minimizing toxicity.
  • Variability in normal liver tissue response can affect dose distribution and treatment efficacy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate changes in normal liver tissue volume and dose distribution at 1 and 2 years post-PBT.
  • To assess the impact of these changes on future re-irradiation planning.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of normal liver tissue volume changes using CT scans at 1 and 2 years after PBT.
  • Simulation of dose distribution (specifically V30) in normal liver tissue on follow-up CT scans.
  • Comparison of pre-treatment and post-treatment volumetric and dosimetric data.

Main Results:

  • Normal liver tissue volume showed a slight but statistically significant decrease by 2 years post-PBT (P=0.03).
  • The volume of normal liver receiving over 30 Gray equivalent (V30) also decreased significantly at 2 years compared to pre-treatment (P=0.03).
  • Individual patient responses in volume (increase or decrease) were variable, leading to dose distribution discrepancies.

Conclusions:

  • Normal liver tissue volume and shape changes after PBT are not constant, creating significant dose distribution discrepancies over two years.
  • These dynamic changes necessitate careful consideration of dose distribution when planning re-irradiation of liver tumors.
  • Accurate assessment of volumetric and dosimetric changes is vital for safe and effective re-treatment strategies.