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Related Concept Videos

Association Areas of the Cortex01:21

Association Areas of the Cortex

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Association areas are regions of the cerebral cortex that do not have a specific sensory or motor function. Instead, they integrate and interpret information from various sources to enable higher cognitive processes such as memory, learning, and decision-making. Some key association areas include the following:
Prefrontal Association Area: This area is located in the frontal lobe and is involved in planning, decision-making, and moderating social behavior. It connects with primary motor areas,...
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Associative Learning01:27

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Associative learning is a fundamental concept in behavioral psychology, wherein a connection is established between two stimuli or events, leading to a learned response. This process is critical in understanding how behaviors are acquired and modified. Conditioning, the mechanism through which associations are formed, can be divided into two main types: classical conditioning and operant conditioning, each elucidating different aspects of associative learning.
Classical conditioning, also known...
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Reducing Line Loss01:18

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In a three-phase circuit, line loss is an indicator of energy dissipated as heat due to the resistance of transmission lines. To address this, incorporating transformers into the system—a step-up transformer at the source and a step-down transformer at the load—is a strategic solution. Two three-phase transformers are introduced to improve this.
With a step-up transformer at the source, the voltage is increased, thereby reducing the current in the transmission lines since power loss in...
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The signs and symptoms of fever include hot and dry skin, flushed face, thirst, muscle aches, anorexia, headache, tachycardia, tachypnea, and fatigue. Elevated body temperature is reduced using two methods: pharmacological and nonpharmacological. Proper identification and treatment of the root cause of a fever is of utmost importance.
Pharmacological Methods of Reducing Fever:
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Genome-wide Association Studies-GWAS01:11

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Genome-wide association studies or GWAS are used to identify whether common SNPs are associated with certain diseases. Suppose specific SNPs are more frequently observed in individuals with a particular disease than those without the disease. In that case, those SNPs are said to be associated with the disease. Chi-square analysis is performed to check the probability of the allele likely to be associated with the disease.
GWAS does not require the identification of the target gene involved in...
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Somatosensory, Motor, and Association Cortex01:23

Somatosensory, Motor, and Association Cortex

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The somatosensory cortex in the parietal lobes is crucial for interpreting sensory data such as touch, temperature, and proprioception. The somatosensory cortex, situated in the parietal lobes, plays a vital role in interpreting sensory information like touch, temperature, and proprioception—awareness of body position. This specialized brain region features an organized structure wherein neurons at the top primarily process sensations originating from the lower body. In contrast, those at...
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  11. No Association Between Screening For Hepatocellular Carcinoma And Reduced Cancer-related Mortality In Patients With Cirrhosis.

No Association Between Screening for Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Reduced Cancer-Related Mortality in Patients With Cirrhosis.

Andrew M Moon1, Noel S Weiss2, Lauren A Beste3

  • 1Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.

Gastroenterology
|July 9, 2018

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A "Patient-Like" Orthotopic Syngeneic Mouse Model of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Metastasis
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View abstract on PubMed

Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Screening for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in cirrhosis patients using abdominal ultrasonography (USS) or α-fetoprotein (AFP) did not reduce cancer mortality in this VA study. Further research is needed in other healthcare systems.

Area of Science:

  • Hepatology
  • Oncology
  • Medical Screening

Background:

  • Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) screening is recommended for patients with cirrhosis.
  • The effectiveness of screening methods like ultrasonography (USS) and α-fetoprotein (AFP) in reducing HCC-related mortality requires further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine if screening with USS and/or serum AFP is associated with decreased cancer-related mortality in US Veterans Affairs (VA) patients with cirrhosis.
  • To evaluate the impact of screening modalities on HCC mortality within a large healthcare system.

Main Methods:

  • A matched case-control study was conducted using data from the VA health care system.
  • Cases (n=238) were patients with cirrhosis who died of HCC; controls (n=238) were matched patients with cirrhosis who did not die of HCC.
Keywords:
Liver CancerLiver TransplantationSurveillanceSurvival

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  • Screening tests (USS and AFP) within four years prior to HCC diagnosis or index date were identified via chart extraction.

    • Main Results:

    • No significant difference was observed in the proportion of patients undergoing screening USS, serum AFP measurement, or both, between cases and controls.
    • Screening rates were similar for patients who died of HCC and those who did not.
    • No association was found between screening tests and reduced HCC-related mortality.

    Conclusions:

    • Screening for HCC in patients with cirrhosis using USS and/or AFP was not associated with decreased cancer-related mortality in the VA system.
    • Additional studies in diverse healthcare settings are encouraged to confirm these findings.
    • The study highlights the need for robust data to accurately assess screening efficacy for HCC.