Derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry: Application to the analysis of two binary mixtures containing codeine in...

Area of Science:

• Analytical Chemistry
• Pharmaceutical Analysis
• Green Chemistry

Background:

• Accurate quantification of active pharmaceutical ingredients is crucial for drug safety and efficacy.
• Existing analytical methods may involve toxic solvents or complex separation steps.
• Development of simple, eco-friendly analytical techniques is a priority in pharmaceutical analysis.

Purpose of the Study:

• To develop and validate simple, eco-friendly spectrofluorimetric methods for analyzing binary mixtures of codeine (COD) with ibuprofen (IBU) or phenylephrine hydrochloride (PE).
• To avoid prior separation steps in the analysis of these binary mixtures.
• To assess the greenness and efficiency of the developed analytical methods.

Main Methods:

• Derivative emission spectrofluorimetry.
• Constant-wavelength synchronous spectrofluorimetry.
• Constant-energy synchronous spectrofluorimetry.
• Analysis performed in acetate buffer (pH 5) to avoid volatile organic solvents.
• Validation according to ICH guidelines.

Main Results:

• All three developed spectrofluorimetric methods successfully analyzed binary mixtures of COD/IBU and COD/PE without separation.
• High sensitivity was achieved with low limits of quantitation (e.g., COD: 0.064 μg/mL, IBU: 0.512 μg/mL, PE: 0.087 μg/mL).
• The methods demonstrated good accuracy and precision when applied to tablet and liquid dosage forms.
• Statistical evaluation (ANOVA) confirmed no significant difference between proposed and reported methods.

Conclusions:

• The developed spectrofluorimetric methods are simple, sensitive, accurate, and eco-friendly alternatives for analyzing pharmaceutical formulations containing codeine, ibuprofen, and phenylephrine hydrochloride.
• The absence of toxic solvents and prior separation steps enhances the greenness and practicality of these methods.
• The methods are suitable for routine quality control analysis in the pharmaceutical industry.