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Related Concept Videos

Leaving Groups02:14

Leaving Groups

9.7K
The nature of leaving groups strongly influences the outcome of a nucleophilic substitution reaction.
In general, in a nucleophilic substitution reaction, a nucleophile displaces a functional group, called the leaving group, from the substrate to give a substituted product. A leaving group departs the substrate molecule through heterolytic cleavage, taking the pair of electrons with it to become a relatively stable weak base in the form of an anion or a neutral molecule.  
In a...
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Solubility of Ionic Compounds02:55

Solubility of Ionic Compounds

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Solubility is the measure of the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved in a given quantity of solvent at a given temperature and pressure. Solubility is usually measured in molarity (M) or moles per liter (mol/L). A compound is termed soluble if it dissolves in water.
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Mass Spectrometry: Complex Analysis01:21

Mass Spectrometry: Complex Analysis

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Mass spectrometry is an important technique for the identification of pure compounds. However, it has some limitations for the analysis of complex mixtures, often due to excessive fragmentation making the spectrum too complicated to decipher. Mass spectrometry can be combined with suitable separation methods in sequence, forming hyphenated methods, which are useful in the analysis of complex mixtures.
GC–MS is a powerful hyphenated method commonly used in forensics and environmental...
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pH Scale02:41

pH Scale

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Hydronium and hydroxide ions are present both in pure water and in all aqueous solutions, and their concentrations are inversely proportional as determined by the ion product of water (Kw). The concentrations of these ions in a solution are often critical determinants of the solution’s properties and the chemical behaviors of its other solutes. Two different solutions can differ in their hydronium or hydroxide ion concentrations by a million, billion, or even trillion times. A common means of...
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Coordination Compounds and Nomenclature02:54

Coordination Compounds and Nomenclature

26.8K
In most main group element compounds, the valence electrons of the isolated atoms combine to form chemical bonds that satisfy the octet rule. For instance, the four valence electrons of carbon overlap with electrons from four hydrogen atoms to form CH4. The one valence electron leaves sodium and adds to the seven valence electrons of chlorine to form the ionic formula unit NaCl (Figure 1a). Transition metals do not normally bond in this fashion. They primarily form coordinate covalent bonds, a...
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Molecules and Compounds02:38

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Atoms and Molecules
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Are compound leaves more complex than simple ones? A multi-scale analysis.

Garance Koch1,2, Gaëlle Rolland1, Myriam Dauzat1

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Summary

Tomato leaf size variation is determined by cell number, not cell size, with leaflets mirroring leaf cellular phenotypes. Drought stress reduces leaf area and related traits, including endoreduplication.

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Area of Science:

  • Plant biology
  • Developmental biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Leaf size variation is a key trait in plant development.
  • Mechanisms are primarily studied in simple leaves, with less known for compound leaves.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate cellular mechanisms of leaf and leaflet size variation in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum).
  • Analyze the role of cell number, cell size, and endoreduplication in determining leaf area.
  • Examine the effects of genetic modification and drought stress on these traits.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of leaf/leaflet area, epidermal cell number/area, and endoreduplication in wild-type and transgenic tomato lines.
  • Utilized the PHENOPSIS automated phenotyping platform for controlled growth conditions.
  • Applied drought treatments to assess stress responses.

Main Results:

  • Leaf and leaflet area, and cell number increase with leaf rank, while cell area slightly decreases.
  • A transgenic line (Pro35S:Slccs52AAS) showed altered leaf/leaflet size and cell area depending on leaf position, but no significant difference at the whole-plant level.
  • Drought stress reduced leaf area and related traits in a dose-dependent manner.

Conclusions:

  • Leaflets share cellular phenotypes with their parent leaf.
  • Cell number, not cell size, is the primary determinant of final leaf area.
  • Endoreduplication can be independent of leaf and cell size, and whole-plant regulation of cell division/expansion is suggested.