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Updated: Feb 8, 2026

Visualizing Lymph Node Structure and Cellular Localization using Ex-Vivo Confocal Microscopy
Published on: August 9, 2019
Conservative Management of Positive Axilla After Neoadjuvant Systemic Therapy-The Need for, and Review of, Techniques
Matthew Green1, Foteini Neamonitou1, Raghavan Vidya1
1Department of Breast Surgery, New Cross Hospital, Royal Wolverhampton NHS, Wolverhampton, United Kingdom.
Abstract:
Involvement of axillary lymph nodes is an important prognostic factor in relationship to the management of breast cancer. However, the use of neoadjuvant systemic therapy is widespread in the treatment of positive axilla and such treatment leads to downstaging of axillary disease. Hence, the role of targeted axillary lymph node biopsy appears to play a vital role after primary systemic therapy. Given that this is a relatively novel approach, we have discussed the evidence for this approach and the different techniques currently available for localization of biopsy-proven metastatic axillary lymph nodes. We have also highlighted the need for universal guidelines for conservative management of positive axilla after systemic therapy.
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