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Related Concept Videos

Electron Carriers01:24

Electron Carriers

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Electron carriers can be thought of as electron shuttles. These compounds can easily accept electrons (i.e., be reduced) or lose them (i.e., be oxidized). They play an essential role in energy production because cellular respiration is contingent on the flow of electrons.
Over the many stages of cellular respiration, glucose breaks down into carbon dioxide and water. Electron carriers pick up electrons lost by glucose in these reactions, temporarily storing and releasing them into the electron...
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Electron Affinity03:07

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The electron affinity (EA) is the energy change for adding an electron to a gaseous atom to form an anion (negative ion).
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Physiological Barriers01:25

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Physiological barriers are semi-permeable cellular structures restricting drug diffusion into intracellular compartments and tissues. There are six types of physiological barriers: blood endothelial, cell membrane, blood-brain, blood-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), blood-placenta, and blood-testis barriers.
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Electron Behavior00:54

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Overview
Electrons are negatively charged subatomic particles that are attracted to an orbit around the positively-charged nucleus of an atom. They reside in locations that are associated with energy levels called shells and are further organized into sub-shells and orbitals within each shell.
Electrons Orbit the Nucleus
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Electron Transport Chains01:28

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The final stage of cellular respiration is oxidative phosphorylation that consists of two steps: the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis. The electron transport chain is a set of proteins found in the inner mitochondrial membrane in eukaryotic cells. Its primary function is to establish a proton gradient that can be used during chemiosmosis to produce ATP and generate electron carriers, such as NAD+ and FAD, that are used in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle.
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Electron Orbital Model01:18

Electron Orbital Model

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Orbitals are the areas outside of the atomic nucleus where electrons are most likely to reside. They are characterized by different energy levels, shapes, and three-dimensional orientations. The location of electrons is described most generally by a shell or principal energy level, then by a subshell within each shell, and finally, by individual orbitals found within the subshells.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 8, 2026

Comparing the Effects of Electronic Cigarette Vapor and Cigarette Smoke in a Novel In Vivo Exposure System
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Barriers to electronic cigarette use.

Thomas MacAndrew English1, Todd Brenton Smith2, Xiaochuan Song1

  • 1Department of Management, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA.

Public Health Nursing (Boston, Mass.)
|July 10, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Many smokers find electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) ineffective for quitting traditional cigarettes due to cost and health concerns. Tailored nicotine dosing is crucial for successful e-cigarette cessation aids.

Keywords:
public health nursing practicesmokingtobacco

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Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Addiction Research
  • Behavioral Science

Background:

  • Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) are increasingly explored as alternatives to traditional smoking cessation therapies.
  • Understanding user-reported barriers is crucial for optimizing e-cigarette efficacy in smoking cessation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the barriers encountered by traditional smokers when attempting to switch to e-cigarettes.
  • To identify characteristics associated with e-cigarette use among tobacco smokers.

Main Methods:

  • An online survey was administered to a convenience sample of 446 adult tobacco and/or e-cigarette users.
  • The survey assessed barriers to e-cigarette use and user demographics and smoking characteristics.

Main Results:

  • 74% of tobacco smokers did not view e-cigarettes as effective replacements for traditional cigarettes.
  • Initial cost (69%) and health concerns were primary reasons for discontinuing e-cigarette use.
  • Users reported challenges with nicotine dosing, with most needing over a week to find a suitable dose. Higher daily cigarette consumption correlated with increased likelihood of trying e-cigarettes.

Conclusions:

  • E-cigarettes face significant barriers to adoption as a smoking cessation tool, including perceived ineffectiveness, cost, and health concerns.
  • Future cessation trials should address nicotine dosing, especially for heavy smokers who are more inclined to try e-cigarettes.