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Using Cholesky Decomposition to Explore Individual Differences in Longitudinal Relations between Reading Skills
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Individual differences in mixing costs relate to general executive functioning.

Louisa L Smith1, Marie T Banich2, Naomi P Friedman1

  • 1Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder.

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Mixing costs, the effort of repeating tasks in varied blocks, rely on general executive functions (EFs) and unique cognitive abilities. This study explored individual differences in mixing costs and their relation to other EFs in young adults.

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Cognitive control is crucial for adapting to changing environments, often studied via set-shifting paradigms.
  • While switch costs are well-researched, the cognitive control during task repetition in mixed blocks (mixing costs) is less understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between individual differences in mixing costs and other executive functions (EFs).
  • To determine the nature of cognitive control underlying mixing costs.

Main Methods:

  • A large sample (N = 749) of young adults completed three set-shifting paradigms.
  • Latent variable analysis was used to assess mixing costs and their correlation with common and specific executive function factors.

Main Results:

  • Individual differences in mixing costs formed a reliable latent variable.
  • This mixing cost factor showed moderate correlations with a general executive function factor but not with updating-specific or shifting-specific factors.

Conclusions:

  • The cognitive control needed for task repetition in mixed blocks involves general executive processes.
  • Unique cognitive abilities, distinct from set-shifting and working memory updating, also contribute to mixing costs.