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Tumor Immunotherapy

Tumor Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.

Second Order systems II

Second Order systems II

In an underdamped second-order system, where the damping ratio ζ is between 0 and 1, a unit-step input results in a transfer function that, when transformed using the inverse Laplace method, reveals the output response. The output exhibits a damped sinusoidal oscillation, and the difference between the input and output is termed the error signal. This error signal also demonstrates damped oscillatory behavior. Eventually, as the system reaches a steady state, the error diminishes to zero.

First Order Systems

First Order Systems

First-order systems, such as RC circuits, are foundational in understanding dynamic systems due to their straightforward input-output relationship. Analyzing their responses to different input functions under zero initial conditions reveals significant insights into system behavior.
When a first-order system is subjected to a unit-step input, its response is characterized by its transfer function. By applying the Laplace transform of the unit-step input to the transfer function, expanding the...

Second Order systems I

Second Order systems I

A servo system exemplifies a second-order system, featuring a proportional controller and load elements that ensure the output position aligns with the input position. The relationship between these components is described by a second-order differential equation. Applying the Laplace transform under zero initial conditions yields the transfer function, showing how inputs are converted to outputs in the system.
By reinterpreting the system, one can derive the closed-loop transfer function, which...

Thermodynamic Systems

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A thermodynamic system is a set of objects whose thermodynamic properties are of interest. The system is considered to be embedded in its surroundings or the environment. The system and its environment can exchange heat and do work on each other through a boundary that separates them. However, the immediate surroundings of the system interact with it directly and therefore have a much stronger influence on its behavior and properties.
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Classification of Systems-I

Classification of Systems-I

Linearity is a system property characterized by a direct input-output relationship, combining homogeneity and additivity.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 8, 2026

Imaging Features of Systemic Sclerosis-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease

Imaging Features of Systemic Sclerosis-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease

Published on: June 16, 2020

Immunotherapy of systemic sclerosis.

Christina G Katsiari¹, Theodora Simopoulou¹, Ioannis Alexiou¹

¹a Department of Rheumatology and clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences , University of Thessaly , Larissa , Greece.

Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics

|July 10, 2018

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Systemic sclerosis treatments are evolving. Early intervention with immunosuppressants and biologics shows promise for skin and lung symptoms, while stem cell transplantation offers the best efficacy for systemic sclerosis.

Keywords:

Intravenous immunoglobulin abatacept autologous stem cells belimumab cyclophosphamide immunomodulation methotrexate mycophenolate mofetil tocilizumab transplantation

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Last Updated: Feb 8, 2026

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Area of Science:

Immunology
Rheumatology
Dermatology

Background:

Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a chronic autoimmune disease.
Key features include microvasculopathy, immune activation, and fibrosis.
Fibroblast activation by T-cells and B-cells drives collagen deposition.

Purpose of the Study:

To review current and emerging treatments for Systemic Sclerosis.
To evaluate the efficacy of immunosuppressants, biologics, and stem cell transplantation.

Main Methods:

Review of traditional immunosuppressants (cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, mycophenolate mofetil).
Analysis of biological therapies (IVIg, belimumab, tocilizumab, abatacept, rituximab, fresolimumab).
Assessment of autologous stem cell transplantation outcomes.

Main Results:

Immunosuppressants demonstrated benefits in skin and lung function.
Biologics showed efficacy in skin, hand function, and joints.
Autologous stem cell transplantation exhibited the highest therapeutic efficacy across multiple organ systems.

Conclusions:

Early treatment with immunosuppressants and biologics can improve SSc symptoms.
Autologous stem cell transplantation represents a highly promising therapeutic strategy for SSc.
Ongoing research focuses on optimizing transplantation protocols to reduce mortality.