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Updated: Feb 8, 2026

Generation of a Three-dimensional Full Thickness Skin Equivalent and Automated Wounding
Published on: February 26, 2015
Advances in addressing full-thickness skin defects: a review of dermal and epidermal substitutes
Elizabeth A Lucich1, Juan L Rendon2, Ian L Valerio2
1Department of Plastic Surgery, Spectrum Health/Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA.
Abstract:
full-thickness skin defects remain a reconstructive challenge. Novel regenerative modalities can aid in addressing these defects. A literature review of currently available dermal and epidermal regenerates was performed. The mechanism and application for each skin substitute was analyzed to provide a guide for these modalities. Available epidermal substitutes include autografts and allografts and may be cultured or noncultured. Dermal regenerate templates exist in biologic and synthetic varieties that differ in the source animal and processing. Epidermal and dermal skin substitutes are promising adjunctive tools for addressing certain soft tissue defects and have improved outcomes in reconstructive procedures. The following article provides a comprehensive review of the biologic materials available and the types of complex wounds amenable to their use.
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