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Related Concept Videos

Titration Calculations: Strong Acid - Strong Base02:28

Titration Calculations: Strong Acid - Strong Base

34.0K
Calculating pH for Titration Solutions: Strong Acid/Strong Base
A titration is carried out for 25.00 mL of 0.100 M HCl (strong acid) with 0.100 M of a strong base NaOH. The pH at different volumes of added base solution can be calculated as follows:
(a) Titrant volume = 0 mL. The solution pH is due to the acid ionization of HCl. Because this is a strong acid, the ionization is complete and the hydronium ion molarity is 0.100 M. The pH of the solution is then:
34.0K
Strong Acid and Base Solutions03:22

Strong Acid and Base Solutions

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A strong acid is a compound that dissociates completely in an aqueous solution and produces a concentration of hydronium ions equal to the initial concentration of acid. For example, 0.20 M hydrobromic acid will dissociate completely in water and produces 0.20 M of hydronium ions and 0.20 M of bromide ions.
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Titration of a Strong Acid with a Strong Base01:23

Titration of a Strong Acid with a Strong Base

10.5K
During the titration of a strong acid with a strong base, pH calculations are primarily based on the concentration of residual hydronium or hydroxide ions. Initially, a strong acid like hydrochloric acid fully dissociates, creating hydronium and chloride ions, resulting in a low pH. The addition of a strong base like sodium hydroxide alters the concentration of hydronium ions by neutralizing them. As more base is added, the pH gradually increases. At the equivalence point, all hydronium ions...
10.5K
DNA Base Pairing02:27

DNA Base Pairing

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Erwin Chargaff’s rules on DNA equivalence paved the way for the discovery of base pairing in DNA. Chargaff’s rules state that in a double-stranded DNA molecule,
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Sign Test for Matched Pairs01:17

Sign Test for Matched Pairs

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The sign test for matched pairs offers a robust method for comparing two paired samples, often for the effects of an intervention in one of them. This method is very useful in situations where the underlying distribution of the data is unknown. The test compares two related samples—often pre- and post-treatment measurements on the same subjects—to determine if there are significant differences in their median values.
To conduct the sign test, we first calculate the differences in...
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VSEPR Theory and the Effect of Lone Pairs04:01

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Effect of Lone Pairs of Electrons on Molecule Geometry
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Methods of Pairing and Pair Maintenance of New Zealand White Rabbits Oryctolagus Cuniculus Via Behavioral Ethogram, Monitoring, and Interventions
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A Super Strong Engineered Auxin-TIR1 Pair.

Ryotaro Yamada1, Keiichiro Murai1, Naoyuki Uchida1,2

  • 1Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, Japan.

Plant & Cell Physiology
|July 10, 2018
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Scientists developed a new synthetic auxin, pico-cvxIAA, that works at much lower concentrations. This improved auxin-receptor pair offers enhanced control over plant growth for agricultural applications.

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Area of Science:

  • Plant Biology and Molecular Genetics
  • Agricultural Science and Horticulture

Background:

  • Auxin is a key plant hormone regulating growth and development via interactions between TIR1/AFBs and Aux/IAA proteins.
  • Controlling auxin signaling artificially is crucial for understanding plant biology and for agricultural innovation.
  • Previous work established a synthetic auxin-receptor pair (cvxIAA-ccvTIR1) for orthogonal control of auxin signaling.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To improve the synthetic auxin-cvxTIR1 receptor system for enhanced sensitivity and lower application concentrations.
  • To identify novel synthetic auxins that can activate the engineered TIR1 receptor with higher affinity.

Main Methods:

  • Screening of various 5-substituted indole-3-acetic acids (IAAs) using a yeast two-hybrid system.
  • Testing the interaction between engineered TIR1 variants (TIR1F79G, TIR1F79A) and IAA3 or IAA7-DII peptides.
  • Utilizing pull-down assays to confirm in vitro interactions mediated by synthetic auxins.

Main Results:

  • Identified 5-adamantyl-IAA (pico_cvxIAA) which activates the TIR1F79G receptor at 1,000-fold lower concentrations than cvxIAA.
  • Demonstrated that TIR1F79A interacts with IAA3 in the presence of pico_cvxIAA at picomolar concentrations, 10,000-fold lower than the original system.
  • Confirmed in vitro interaction of TIR1F79A and IAA7-DII peptides with pico_cvxIAA at reduced concentrations.

Conclusions:

  • The improved synthetic auxin-TIR1 pair, particularly using pico_cvxIAA with TIR1F79A, exhibits significantly higher affinity and sensitivity.
  • This high-affinity system provides a powerful tool for precise manipulation of auxin signaling in plants.
  • The enhanced synthetic auxin-receptor pair holds substantial promise for both fundamental research and practical agricultural/horticultural applications.