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Related Concept Videos

Confirmation Biases01:31

Confirmation Biases

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The confirmation bias is the tendency to focus on information that confirms our existing beliefs and ignore information that is inconsistent with our expectations. For example, if you think that your professor is not very nice, you notice all of the instances of rude behavior exhibited by the professor while ignoring the countless pleasant interactions he is involved in on a daily basis. Have you ever fallen prey to the confirmation bias, either as the source or target of such bias?
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Hindsight Biases01:12

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Hindsight bias leads you to believe that the event you just experienced was predictable, even though it really wasn’t. In other words, you knew all along that things would turn out the way they did. Can you relate this to the phrase "Hindsight is 20/20" now? 
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Bias01:22

Bias

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Bias refers to any tendency that prevents a question from being considered unprejudiced. In research, bias occurs when one outcome or answer is selected or encouraged over others in sampling or testing. Bias can occur during any research phase, including study design, data collection, analysis, and publication.
In statistics, a sampling bias is created when a sample is collected from a population, and some members of the population are not as likely to be chosen as others (remember, each member...
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Multicellular organisms employ a variety of ways for cells to communicate with each other. Gap junctions are specialized proteins that form pores between neighboring cells in animals, connecting the cytoplasm between the two, and allowing for the exchange of molecules and ions. They are found in a wide range of invertebrate and vertebrate species, mediate numerous functions including cell differentiation and development, and are associated with numerous human diseases, including cardiac and...
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Gap Junctions01:27

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The cytoplasm of adjacent animal cells can exchange small molecules, ions, and secondary messengers via the communication channels which form the gap junctions. These junctions comprise a few hundred to thousands of molecular channels, each made of two halves, called the connexon hemichannel. A connexon is a hexamer of six transmembrane connexin proteins, which assemble radially, thus forming a pore or channel in the center. One connexon hemichannel docks with a corresponding connexon on the...
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Plasticity00:58

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Plasticity is the property where an object loses its elasticity and undergoes irreversible deformation, even after the deformation forces are eliminated. If a material deforms irreversibly without increasing stress or load, then this is called ideal plasticity. For example, when a force is applied to an aluminum rod, it changes its shape, but it does not return to its original shape once the force is removed. Plastic deformation or ductility is thus a permanent deformation or change in the...
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Standardizing a Non-Lethal Method for Characterizing the Reproductive Status and Larval Development of Freshwater Mussels Bivalvia: Unionida
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Freshwater plastic pollution: Recognizing research biases and identifying knowledge gaps.

Martín C M Blettler1, Elie Abrial1, Farhan R Khan2

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Research on plastic pollution largely ignores freshwater ecosystems, leading to significant knowledge gaps. More data is needed on macroplastics in rivers to understand their impact and estimate ocean plastic emissions.

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Ecology
  • Pollution Studies

Background:

  • Marine plastic pollution research dominates, with limited studies on freshwater environments.
  • Existing freshwater plastic pollution research is fragmented due to diverse methodologies and contexts.
  • Significant knowledge gaps and data biases exist in understanding freshwater plastic pollution.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify knowledge gaps, inconsistencies, and trends in freshwater plastic pollution research.
  • To highlight the need for a more holistic understanding of plastic pollution in rivers and other freshwater bodies.
  • To inform future research and monitoring efforts for effective plastic pollution management.

Main Methods:

  • Bibliometric analysis of existing scientific literature on freshwater plastic pollution.
  • Identification of research trends, geographical biases, and data deficiencies.
  • Comparison of microplastic and macroplastic research focus.

Main Results:

  • Overwhelming focus on marine ecosystems, with scarce data on freshwater plastic pollution.
  • Significant underrepresentation of studies in Asia, despite high riverine plastic pollution.
  • Lack of research on submerged macroplastics and their ecological role.
  • Disproportionately more research on microplastics compared to macroplastics.

Conclusions:

  • There is a critical need to expand field data on plastics in freshwater environments, especially rivers.
  • Macroplastics represent a substantial but understudied component of freshwater plastic pollution.
  • Targeted monitoring in highly polluted rivers, particularly in developing economies, is recommended.
  • Further research is required to assess the ecological impact of macroplastics on freshwater fauna.