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Transcription01:10

Transcription

157.0K
Overview
Transcription is the process of synthesizing RNA from a DNA sequence by RNA polymerase. It is the first step in producing a protein from a gene sequence. Additionally, many other proteins and regulatory sequences are involved in the proper synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA). Regulation of transcription is responsible for the differentiation of all the different types of cells and often for the proper cellular response to environmental signals.
Transcription Can Produce Different Kinds...
157.0K
Eukaryotic Transcription Activators02:42

Eukaryotic Transcription Activators

12.8K
Transcription activators are proteins that promote the transcription of genes from DNA to RNA. In most cases, these proteins contain two separate domains ‒ a domain that binds to DNA and a domain for activating transcription; however, in some cases, a single domain is responsible for both binding and activation of transcription, as seen in the glucocorticoid receptor and MyoD.
The binding domains are capable of recognizing and interacting with regulatory sequences on the DNA. These...
12.8K
Transcription Factors02:16

Transcription Factors

82.8K
Tissue-specific transcription factors contribute to diverse cellular functions in mammals. For example, the gene for beta globin, a major component of hemoglobin, is present in all cells of the body. However, it is only expressed in red blood cells because the transcription factors that can bind to the promoter sequences of the beta globin gene are only expressed in these cells. Tissue-specific transcription factors also ensure that mutations in these factors may impair only the function of...
82.8K
Prokaryotic Transcriptional Activators and Repressors01:58

Prokaryotic Transcriptional Activators and Repressors

25.5K
The organization of prokaryotic genes in their genome is notably different from that of eukaryotes. Prokaryotic genes are organized, such that the genes for proteins involved in the same biochemical process or function are located together in groups. This group of genes, along with their regulatory elements, are collectively known as an operon. The functional genes in an operon are transcribed together to give a single strand of mRNA known as polycistronic mRNA.
Transcription of prokaryotic...
25.5K
Transcription Attenuation in Prokaryotes02:42

Transcription Attenuation in Prokaryotes

18.5K
Transcriptional attenuation occurs when RNA transcription is prematurely terminated due to the formation of a terminator mRNA hairpin structure.  Bacteria use these hairpins to regulate the transcription process and control the synthesis of several amino acids including histidine, lysine, threonine, and phenylalanine. Transcription attenuation takes place in the non-coding regions of mRNA.
There are several different mechanisms used to attenuate transcription. In ribosome mediated...
18.5K
Transcription Elongation Factors02:35

Transcription Elongation Factors

14.0K
Transcription elongation is a dynamic process that alters depending upon the sequence heterogeneity of the DNA being transcribed. Hence, it is not surprising that the elongation complex's composition also varies along the way while transcribing a gene.
The transcription elongation is regulated via pausing of RNA polymerase on several occasions during transcription. In bacteria, these halts are necessary because the transcription of DNA into mRNA is coupled to the translation of that mRNA...
14.0K

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Mapping Plastid Transcript Population by Circular Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction.

Florence Courtois1, Livia Merendino2,3

  • 1Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National Recherche Agronomique, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, CEA Grenoble, UMR5168, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France. florence.courtois@cea.fr.

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)
|July 11, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Investigating chloroplast mRNA diversity is crucial for understanding gene expression in photosynthetic organisms. This study introduces circular RT-PCR to map both 5' and 3' ends of RNA molecules simultaneously.

Keywords:
ChloroplastCircular PCROperonRNA end mappingTranscript analysis

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Area of Science:

  • Plant Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Chloroplast genomes (plastomes) retain genetic information from internalized cyanobacteria.
  • Plastomes feature complex operon organization with multiple promoters.
  • Polycistronic transcripts undergo extensive processing, creating diverse mRNA populations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a method for investigating mRNA diversity from single genes within the plastome.
  • To enable simultaneous mapping of both 5' and 3' ends of individual RNA molecules.

Main Methods:

  • Circular Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR).
  • Detailed protocol for analyzing complex mRNA populations.

Main Results:

  • The described method allows for comprehensive analysis of mRNA diversity.
  • Simultaneous mapping of RNA 5' and 3' ends provides a complete transcript view.

Conclusions:

  • Circular RT-PCR is an effective tool for studying plastid gene expression complexity.
  • This method enhances our understanding of post-transcriptional regulation in chloroplasts.