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Activation energy is the minimum amount of energy necessary for a chemical reaction to move forward. The higher the activation energy, the slower the rate of the reaction. However, adding heat to the reaction will increase the rate, since it causes molecules to move faster and increase the likelihood that molecules will collide. The collision and breaking of bonds represents the uphill phase of a reaction and generates the transition state. The transition state is an unstable high-energy state...
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Transcription activators are proteins that promote the transcription of genes from DNA to RNA. In most cases, these proteins contain two separate domains ‒ a domain that binds to DNA and a domain for activating transcription; however, in some cases, a single domain is responsible for both binding and activation of transcription, as seen in the glucocorticoid receptor and MyoD.
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Related Experiment Video

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A High-throughput Shigella-specific Bactericidal Assay
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Measuring Neutrophil Bactericidal Activity.

Kenneth C Malcolm1

  • 1Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA. malcolmk@njhealth.org.

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)
|July 11, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study details a method to measure how well neutrophils kill bacteria in vitro. This assay quantifies the effectiveness of neutrophils, key players in innate immunity, against pathogens.

Keywords:
Bacteria killingBactericidalInnate immunityNeutrophil extracellular trapsNeutrophilsPhagocytosisReactive oxygen species

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Microbiology

Background:

  • Neutrophils are critical immune cells known for combating pathogens.
  • They employ diverse antimicrobial mechanisms to contain and eliminate infectious agents.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe a standardized method for assessing neutrophil bactericidal activity in vitro.
  • To establish a quantifiable measure of neutrophil effectiveness against microbial pathogens.

Main Methods:

  • Isolation of human neutrophils.
  • Incubation of neutrophils with viable bacteria under controlled conditions.
  • Measurement of bacterial survival as an indicator of neutrophil killing capacity.

Main Results:

  • The described method provides a reliable endpoint for evaluating neutrophil antimicrobial function.
  • This assay quantifies the in vitro bactericidal activity of neutrophils.

Conclusions:

  • The method effectively measures the critical outcome of pathogen killing by neutrophils.
  • This assay serves as a valuable tool for studying innate immune function and neutrophil efficacy.