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Updated: Feb 8, 2026

In Vitro Characterization of Histone Chaperones using Analytical, Pull-Down and Chaperoning Assays
Published on: December 29, 2021
Periplasmic Chaperones and Prolyl Isomerases
Frederick Stull1, Jean-Michel Betton2, James C A Bardwell1
1Dept of Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109.
Abstract:
The biogenesis of periplasmic and outer membrane proteins (OMPs) in Escherichia coli is assisted by a variety of processes that help with their folding and transport to their final destination in the cellular envelope. Chaperones are macromolecules, usually proteins, that facilitate the folding of proteins or prevent their aggregation without becoming part of the protein's final structure. Because chaperones often bind to folding intermediates, they often (but not always) act to slow protein folding. Protein folding catalysts, on the other hand, act to accelerate specific steps in the protein folding pathway, including disulfide bond formation and peptidyl prolyl isomerization. This review is primarily concerned with E. coli and Salmonella periplasmic and cellular envelope chaperones; it also discusses periplasmic proline isomerization.
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