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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 8, 2026

Ex Vivo Infection of Live Tissue with Oncolytic Viruses
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Oncolytic Immunotherapy for Bladder Cancer Using Coxsackie A21 Virus.

Nicola E Annels1, Mehreen Arif1, Guy R Simpson1

  • 1Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, Leggett Building, Daphne Jackson Road, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7WG, UK.

Molecular Therapy Oncolytics
|July 11, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Oncolytic virotherapy using Coxsackievirus A21 (CVA21) shows promise for non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). CVA21 enhances tumor cell death and triggers immune responses, potentially offering a less toxic treatment option.

Keywords:
bladder cancercoxsackievirus A21intercellular adhesion molecule-1

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Virology
  • Immunotherapy

Background:

  • Non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) is a clinical setting where live biological therapies are established.
  • Oncolytic virotherapy presents opportunities for treating NMIBC.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the efficacy of Coxsackievirus A21 (CVA21) as an oncolytic virus for bladder cancer.
  • To evaluate CVA21's potential in combination with chemotherapy and its immunogenic properties.

Main Methods:

  • Assessed CVA21 cytotoxicity in human bladder cancer cell lines based on intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) expression.
  • Examined CVA21 replication and oncolysis enhancement with mitomycin-C in NMIBC tissue slices.
  • Investigated CVA21-induced immunogenic cell death (ICD) markers and tumor rejection in a mouse model.

Main Results:

  • CVA21 sensitivity correlated with ICAM-1 expression in bladder cancer cell lines.
  • Mitomycin-C increased CVA21 replication and oncolysis by upregulating ICAM-1.
  • CVA21 induced ICD, characterized by calreticulin expression and HMGB-1 release, leading to tumor rejection in mice.

Conclusions:

  • CVA21 demonstrates oncolytic activity against bladder cancer, enhanced by mitomycin-C.
  • CVA21 induces immunogenic cell death, crucial for triggering anti-tumor immune responses.
  • CVA21 immunotherapy offers a potentially less toxic and more effective treatment for bladder cancer.