Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer02:48

Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer

49.3K
Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence shell, and an anion (a negative ion) forms when a neutral atom gains one or more electrons in its valence shell. Compounds composed of ions are called ionic compounds (or salts), and their constituent ions are held together by ionic bonds: electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged cations and anions. 
49.3K
Electron Carriers01:24

Electron Carriers

91.9K
Electron carriers can be thought of as electron shuttles. These compounds can easily accept electrons (i.e., be reduced) or lose them (i.e., be oxidized). They play an essential role in energy production because cellular respiration is contingent on the flow of electrons.
Over the many stages of cellular respiration, glucose breaks down into carbon dioxide and water. Electron carriers pick up electrons lost by glucose in these reactions, temporarily storing and releasing them into the electron...
91.9K
Electron Behavior00:54

Electron Behavior

109.1K
Overview
Electrons are negatively charged subatomic particles that are attracted to an orbit around the positively-charged nucleus of an atom. They reside in locations that are associated with energy levels called shells and are further organized into sub-shells and orbitals within each shell.
Electrons Orbit the Nucleus
Electrons are found in specific locations outside of the nucleus. The shell in which an electron resides indicates the general energy level of the electron: those closer to the...
109.1K
Electron Affinity03:07

Electron Affinity

43.4K
The electron affinity (EA) is the energy change for adding an electron to a gaseous atom to form an anion (negative ion).
43.4K
Position-effect Variegation02:32

Position-effect Variegation

7.1K
In 1928, a German botanist Emil Heitz observed the moss nuclei with a DNA binding dye. He observed that while some chromatin regions decondense and spread out in the interphase nucleus, others do not. He termed them euchromatin and heterochromatin, respectively. He proposed that the heterochromatin regions reflect a functionally inactive state of the genome. It was later confirmed that heterochromatin is transcriptionally repressed, and euchromatin is transcriptionally active chromatin.
7.1K
Electron Transport Chains01:28

Electron Transport Chains

112.6K
The final stage of cellular respiration is oxidative phosphorylation that consists of two steps: the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis. The electron transport chain is a set of proteins found in the inner mitochondrial membrane in eukaryotic cells. Its primary function is to establish a proton gradient that can be used during chemiosmosis to produce ATP and generate electron carriers, such as NAD+ and FAD, that are used in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle.
The ETC is comprised of...
112.6K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Pathways of copper import and utilization that support respiration in <i>Bacillus subtilis</i>.

mBio·2026
Same author

Monitoring brain chemistry: electrochemical techniques and applications.

Bioelectrochemistry (Amsterdam, Netherlands)·2026
Same author

Enzymatic biofuel cell on flexible nanoporous gold electrodes.

Bioelectrochemistry (Amsterdam, Netherlands)·2025
Same author

A novel cable bacteria species with a distinct morphology and genomic potential.

Applied and environmental microbiology·2025
Same author

Development of flexible nanoporous gold electrodes for the detection of glucose.

Bioelectrochemistry (Amsterdam, Netherlands)·2025
Same author

Effect of Protection Polymer Coatings on the Performance of an Amperometric Galactose Biosensor in Human Plasma.

Biosensors·2024

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 8, 2026

Translating Extracellular Electron Transfer Activities with Organic Electrochemical Transistors
10:44

Translating Extracellular Electron Transfer Activities with Organic Electrochemical Transistors

Published on: January 31, 2025

1.4K

Extracellular Electron Transfer by the Gram-Positive Bacterium Enterococcus faecalis.

Galina Pankratova1, Dónal Leech2, Lo Gorton1

  • 1Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology , Lund University , SE-22100 Lund , Sweden.

Biochemistry
|July 11, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Enterococcus faecalis transfers electrons via demethylmenaquinone, not heme proteins, enabling biotechnological applications. This extracellular electron transfer (EET) mechanism is key for microbial electrochemical systems and understanding microbial communities.

More Related Videos

A 1.5 Hour Procedure for Identification of Enterococcus Species Directly from Blood Cultures
05:02

A 1.5 Hour Procedure for Identification of Enterococcus Species Directly from Blood Cultures

Published on: February 10, 2011

24.6K
Characterizing Mediated Extracellular Electron Transfer in Lactic Acid Bacteria with a Three-Electrode, Two-Chamber Bioelectrochemical System
10:23

Characterizing Mediated Extracellular Electron Transfer in Lactic Acid Bacteria with a Three-Electrode, Two-Chamber Bioelectrochemical System

Published on: August 23, 2024

1.8K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 8, 2026

Translating Extracellular Electron Transfer Activities with Organic Electrochemical Transistors
10:44

Translating Extracellular Electron Transfer Activities with Organic Electrochemical Transistors

Published on: January 31, 2025

1.4K
A 1.5 Hour Procedure for Identification of Enterococcus Species Directly from Blood Cultures
05:02

A 1.5 Hour Procedure for Identification of Enterococcus Species Directly from Blood Cultures

Published on: February 10, 2011

24.6K
Characterizing Mediated Extracellular Electron Transfer in Lactic Acid Bacteria with a Three-Electrode, Two-Chamber Bioelectrochemical System
10:23

Characterizing Mediated Extracellular Electron Transfer in Lactic Acid Bacteria with a Three-Electrode, Two-Chamber Bioelectrochemical System

Published on: August 23, 2024

1.8K

Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Biochemistry
  • Bioelectrochemistry

Background:

  • Extracellular electron transfer (EET) is vital for microbial metabolism and biogeochemical cycles.
  • Enterococcus faecalis, a Gram-positive bacterium, can perform EET to electrodes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the mechanism of EET in Enterococcus faecalis.
  • To identify the key components involved in electron transfer.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized wild-type and mutant strains of E. faecalis.
  • Investigated electron transfer to electrodes directly and indirectly via mediators.
  • Analyzed the role of respiratory chain components and heme proteins.

Main Results:

  • Reduced demethylmenaquinone in the cytoplasmic membrane is essential for EET.
  • Heme proteins are not involved in the EET process.
  • Cytochrome bd oxidase activity was found to reduce EET efficiency.

Conclusions:

  • EET in E. faecalis relies on demethylmenaquinone, not heme proteins.
  • Findings advance the understanding of EET mechanisms in Gram-positive bacteria.
  • Potential implications for microbial electrochemical systems and inter-microbial electron transfer in natural environments.