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Related Concept Videos

Notch Signaling Pathway03:14

Notch Signaling Pathway

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The Notch signaling pathway is a major intracellular signaling pathway that is highly conserved over a broad spectrum of metazoan species. It stands unique from other intracellular signaling mechanisms in animals because notch protein itself acts as the receptor as well as the primary signaling molecule.
The Notch gene came into the limelight in 1914 after the discovery that its mutation in Drosophila melanogaster leads to a serrated (or "notched") wing margin phenotype. It was not...
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Anatomical Positions01:11

Anatomical Positions

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In anatomy, several standard anatomical positions are used as references for describing the position and orientation of different body parts. These positions help provide a common frame of reference when discussing anatomical structures. The anatomical position is the standard reference point for describing the body's position and orientation. In this position:
The body is upright, facing forward, and standing erect.
The feet are parallel and flat on the floor.
The arms are hanging by the...
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Anatomical Terminology01:20

Anatomical Terminology

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Knowledge of anatomy is essential to understand human biology and medicine. Anatomists and health care professionals use standard terminology to describe the human body with more precision and no ambiguity. Anatomical terms have mostly Greek and Latin-derived roots. Because these languages are rarely used in conversation, the meaning of words remains the same. Each term is made up of a root in between the prefixes and suffixes. The root of a term often refers to an organ, tissue, or condition,...
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Anatomical Movements00:51

Anatomical Movements

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Anatomical movements refer to the various actions or motions that can be performed by the body's joints and muscles. These movements are described using specific terms to provide a standardized way of discussing and understanding the range of motion at different joints.
Here are some common anatomical movements:
Flexion and extension motions are in the sagittal (anterior–posterior) plane of motion. These movements take place at the shoulder, hip, elbow, knee, wrist,...
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Cerebrum: Anatomical Overview II01:11

Cerebrum: Anatomical Overview II

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Each cerebral hemisphere can be divided into three main regions. The outermost region, the cerebral cortex, is a thin layer (2 to 4 millimeters thick) made up of gray matter, consisting of neuron cell bodies, dendrites, glial cells, and blood vessels. The middle region, or white matter, is primarily composed of myelinated nerve fibers organized into three types of large tracts: association fibers, commissures, and projection fibers. Association fibers connect different areas within the same...
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Diencephalon: Anatomical Regions01:30

Diencephalon: Anatomical Regions

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The diencephalon, etymologically translated as 'through brain,' plays an integral role as the conduit between the cerebrum and the vast extent of the nervous system. However, the olfactory system is an exception, as it interfaces directly with the cerebrum. The diencephalon, deeply ensconced beneath the cerebrum, primarily consists of three paired structures — the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithelamus. It also includes accessory structures such as the subthalamus, which houses the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 8, 2026

Author Spotlight: Fu's Subcutaneous Needling for Knee Osteoarthritis Pain
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Robotic-Assisted Needle Steering Around Anatomical Obstacles Using Notched Steerable Needles.

Mohsen Khadem, Carlos Rossa, Nawaid Usmani

    IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics
    |July 11, 2018
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    This study introduces a novel notched needle design that significantly improves steerability for medical interventions. This enhanced needle allows for precise navigation around obstacles, reaching previously inaccessible targets with high accuracy.

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    Area of Science:

    • Medical Robotics
    • Biomedical Engineering
    • Surgical Navigation

    Background:

    • Robotic-assisted needle steering improves intervention accuracy.
    • Current techniques are limited by needle deflection curvature.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • Develop a novel steerable needle with enhanced curvature.
    • Implement an online motion planner for curved needle steering in tissue.
    • Demonstrate improved maneuverability around obstacles.

    Main Methods:

    • Designed a novel steerable needle by carving notches on a standard needle shaft.
    • Developed a finite element model to analyze notched needle deflection and optimize notch placement.
    • Integrated an ultrasound-guided motion planner for real-time needle steering.

    Main Results:

    • The notched needle demonstrated significantly improved curvature, enabling navigation along tight paths.
    • Simulated brachytherapy scenario showed the needle could reach targets obstructed by bone.
    • Experimental results achieved a mean accuracy of 1.2 mm in reaching the target.

    Conclusions:

    • The novel notched needle design overcomes limitations of current steerable needles.
    • This technology enables precise steering around obstacles for minimally invasive procedures.
    • The notched needle facilitates future research for accessing deeper or challenging anatomical targets.