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Related Concept Videos

Local Anesthetics: Common Agents and Their Applications01:23

Local Anesthetics: Common Agents and Their Applications

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Local anesthetics (LAs) are commonly used for various applications in medical and dental procedures. Some of the common agents used are cocaine, lidocaine, and bupivacaine.
Cocaine is an ester of benzoic acid and methylecgogine. It is used to anesthetize and vasoconstrict locally. Currently, it is used primarily for topical applications. It is beneficial for surgeries on the upper respiratory tract, providing anesthesia and shrinking the mucosa. Cocaine in the form of cocaine hydrochloride is...
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Subviral agents are infectious entities that resemble viruses but lack one or more viral components, such as a capsid or essential replication machinery. These agents include viroids, prions, and satellites, each possessing distinct structural and functional characteristics that influence their mode of infection and replication.Viroids are the simplest subviral agents, consisting of circular, single-stranded RNA molecules without a protein coat. They exclusively infect plants, relying entirely...
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Air-entraining agents improve the durability and workability of concrete in climates with frequent freezing and thawing. These agents prevent cracks by introducing small air bubbles into the mix, creating spaces accommodating water expansion when temperatures drop. The air-entraining agents lower the surface tension of water, forming stable, small air bubbles. This method is more effective than having accidental large voids, as the intentional, smaller, and evenly distributed air voids improve...
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Local Attraction01:22

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EDTA titrations may necessitate masking and demasking agents to temporarily protect a particular metal ion in a mixture from the EDTA reaction. These agents facilitate the sequential analysis of the metal ions by forming stable complexes with some—but not all—metal ions during certain steps.
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Updated: Feb 8, 2026

An Injectable and Drug-loaded Supramolecular Hydrogel for Local Catheter Injection into the Pig Heart
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Injectable local anaesthetic agents for dental anaesthesia.

Geoffrey St George1, Alyn Morgan, John Meechan

  • 1Endodontics Unit, Eastman Dental Hospital, 256 Grays Inn Road, London, UK, WC1X 8LD.

The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
|July 11, 2018
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This review compared local anesthetic formulations for dental procedures. Articaine may be superior for root canals, while lidocaine is better for surgical procedures, with rare adverse events.

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Area of Science:

  • Dental Anesthesiology
  • Pharmacology
  • Evidence-Based Dentistry

Background:

  • Pain management is crucial in dentistry, with local anesthetics being the primary method for patient comfort.
  • Various local anesthetic formulations and administration techniques exist, necessitating evidence-based comparisons.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the efficacy, onset, duration, and adverse effects of different local anesthetic formulations used in dental procedures.
  • To analyze patient experiences with various dental anesthesia techniques.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing local anesthetic formulations for dental anesthesia.
  • Searched multiple databases including CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL PLUS, and Web of Science up to January 2018.
  • Included 123 studies with 19,223 participants; meta-analysis performed on data from 68 studies (6615 participants).

Main Results:

  • Low-quality evidence suggests 4% articaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine may be superior to 2% lidocaine for irreversible pulpitis requiring root canal treatment.
  • Moderate-quality evidence indicates 2% lidocaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine is superior to 3% prilocaine for surgical procedures.
  • Adverse events were rare; moderate-quality evidence showed lidocaine may cause slightly less post-injection pain than articaine.

Conclusions:

  • Certain local anesthetic formulations show varying degrees of success for specific dental procedures, with 4% articaine and 2% lidocaine demonstrating particular efficacy in certain contexts.
  • Adverse effects are generally minimal, with slight differences in post-injection pain noted between articaine and lidocaine.
  • Further high-quality, clearly reported RCTs with adequate sample sizes are needed to strengthen the evidence base for dental local anesthetics.