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Bonding in Metals

Bonding in Metals

Metallic bonds are formed between two metal atoms. A simplified model to describe metallic bonding has been developed by Paul Drüde called the “Electron Sea Model”.

Metallic Solids

Metallic Solids

Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
All metallic solids exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic luster, and malleability....

Alkali Metals

Alkali Metals

Group 1 elements are soft and shiny metallic solids. They are malleable, ductile, and good conductors of heat and electricity. The melting points of the alkali metals are unusually low for metals and decrease going down the group, while the density increases going down the group with the exception of potassium (Table 1).
Table 1: Properties of the alkali metals

Metal-Ligand Bonds

Metal-Ligand Bonds

The hemoglobin in the blood, the chlorophyll in green plants, vitamin B-12, and the catalyst used in the manufacture of polyethylene all contain coordination compounds. Ions of the metals, especially the transition metals, are likely to form complexes.
In these complexes, transition metals form coordinate covalent bonds, a kind of Lewis acid-base interaction in which both of the electrons in the bond are contributed by a donor (Lewis base) to an electron acceptor (Lewis acid). The Lewis acid in...

Properties of Transition Metals

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Transition metals are defined as those elements that have partially filled d orbitals. As shown in Figure 1, the d-block elements in groups 3–12 are transition elements. The f-block elements, also called inner transition metals (the lanthanides and actinides), also meet this criterion because the d orbital is partially occupied before the f orbitals.

Super-resolution Fluorescence Microscopy

Super-resolution Fluorescence Microscopy

Super-resolution fluorescence microscopy (SRFM) provides a better resolution than conventional fluorescence microscopy by reducing the point spread function (PSF). PSF is the light intensity distribution from a point that causes it to appear blurred. Due to PSF, each fluorescing point appears bigger than its actual size, and it is the PSF interference of nearby fluorophores that causes the blurred image. Various approaches to achieving higher resolution through SRFM have recently been...

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Related Experiment Video

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Author Spotlight: Advancing Bioimaging and Therapy with Functional Nanomaterials

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Published on: September 13, 2024

Super Bright Luminescent Metallic Nanoparticles.

Wei Gan¹, Bolei Xu¹, Hai-Lung Dai¹

¹Department of Chemistry , Temple University , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19122 , United States.

The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters

|July 12, 2018

Summary

Surface defects in metallic nanoparticles reduce luminescence. Treating silver nanoparticles with ethanethiol boosted luminescence 300x, while gold nanoparticles increased 3x, demonstrating a method to enhance nanoparticle light emission.

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Area of Science:

Materials Science
Nanotechnology
Photophysics

Background:

Metallic nanoparticles exhibit unique optical properties.
Luminescence efficiency in nanomaterials is often limited by surface defects.
Understanding and mitigating these defects is crucial for advanced applications.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate methods for enhancing the luminescence efficiency of metallic nanoparticles.
To explore the role of surface defect passivation in improving photoexcitation induced luminescence.
To quantify the luminescence enhancement in silver and gold nanoparticles after surface treatment.

Main Methods:

Surface treatment of silver (Ag) and gold (Au) nanoparticles using ethanethiol.
Measurement of photoexcitation induced luminescence before and after surface modification.
Development and application of a theoretical model to explain the observed luminescence changes.

Main Results:

Ethanethiol adsorption dramatically increased luminescence efficiency of Ag nanoparticles by up to 300 times.
Luminescence efficiency of Au nanoparticles increased by a factor of 3 after the same treatment.
A model correlating sulfur-metal bond formation with defect elimination quantitatively explained the results.

Conclusions:

Curing surface defects is a highly effective strategy for enhancing nanoparticle luminescence.
Surface passivation using thiols significantly boosts the photoexcitation induced luminescence quantum yield.
Untreated metallic nanoparticles typically possess low luminescence quantum yields due to unpassivated surface defects.