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Getting leaves into shape: a molecular, cellular, environmental and evolutionary view.

Aude Maugarny-Calès1,2, Patrick Laufs3

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Leaf development involves genetically controlled stages modulated by environmental factors. This review explores how regulators like hormones and mechanical signals shape diverse leaf forms during growth, evolution, and in response to environmental changes.

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Area of Science:

  • Plant biology
  • Developmental biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Leaves develop from undifferentiated cells through morphogenesis, growth, and differentiation.
  • Leaf development is a complex process influenced by genetic programming and environmental cues.
  • Hormonal signals, transcription factors, and microRNAs (miRNAs) are known regulators of leaf development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the key regulators involved in leaf development.
  • To discuss how genetic and environmental factors influence leaf shape.
  • To highlight the role of mechanical signals in leaf growth.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on leaf development.
  • Analysis of genetic and molecular mechanisms controlling leaf morphogenesis.
  • Examination of environmental influences on leaf plasticity.

Main Results:

  • Leaf development involves overlapping phases of morphogenesis, growth, and differentiation.
  • Hormonal signals, transcription factors, and miRNAs are crucial for controlling leaf development.
  • Mechanical signals contribute significantly to leaf growth and shape determination.

Conclusions:

  • Modulating regulators of leaf development can generate diverse leaf shapes.
  • Leaf shape is adaptable to environmental variations and evolutionary pressures.
  • Understanding these regulatory mechanisms provides insights into plant organ diversity.