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    This study introduces real-time 2-D vector flow imaging (VFI) using transverse oscillation, enhancing blood flow analysis. This advanced echocardiography technique offers accurate, angle-independent quantitative and qualitative flow evaluations.

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    Area of Science:

    • Cardiovascular Imaging
    • Biomedical Engineering
    • Ultrasound Technology

    Background:

    • Current echocardiography blood flow analysis is limited to 1-D real-time or experimental 2-D offline methods.
    • There is a need for advanced techniques to visualize and quantify complex blood flow dynamics.
    • Real-time 2-D vector flow imaging (VFI) promises improved diagnostic capabilities.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To implement and validate real-time 2-D vector flow imaging (VFI) using transverse oscillation on a commercial ultrasound system.
    • To assess the accuracy and precision of VFI for measuring peak systolic velocities (PSVs) and visualizing flow dynamics.
    • To demonstrate the clinical applicability of VFI in evaluating complex and transverse blood flow.

    Main Methods:

    • Implementation of transverse oscillation for real-time 2-D VFI on a BK Ultrasound scanner.
    • Validation using large and narrow field-of-view (FOV) sequences at 11 fps and 36 fps, respectively.
    • Testing in flow rig systems (laminar and pulsating flow) and in vivo on healthy volunteers.

    Main Results:

    • Validated VFI sequences in flow rigs and in vivo.
    • Achieved mean PSV of 155 cm/s (±9.0% precision) in a pulsating flow pump.
    • Measured in vivo PSV in the ascending aorta at 135 cm/s (±16.9% precision) and visualized left ventricle and ascending aorta flow dynamics.

    Conclusions:

    • Successfully implemented angle-independent, real-time 2-D VFI on a phased array system.
    • Demonstrated VFI's capability for quantitative and qualitative assessment of complex and transverse blood flow.
    • VFI offers a significant advancement in echocardiographic blood flow evaluation.