Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 7, 2026

Impulsive Pressurization of Neuronal Cells for Traumatic Brain Injury Study

Impulsive Pressurization of Neuronal Cells for Traumatic Brain Injury Study

Published on: October 12, 2011

Incontinence, Incontinence-Associated Dermatitis, and Pressure Injuries in a Health District in Australia: A

Michelle Barakat-Johnson¹, Catherine Barnett, Michelle Lai

¹Michelle Barakat-Johnson, PhD, MN, RN, Sydney Local Health District, and the Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia. Catherine Barnett, PhD, Cancer Nursing Research Unit, Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia. Michelle Lai, MRes, Cancer Nursing Research Unit, Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia. Timothy Wand, PhD, MN(Hons), RN, NP, The University of Sydney and Sydney Local Health District, Emergency Department, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, Australia. Kathryn White, PhD, MN, RN, Cancer Nursing Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia.

Journal of Wound, Ostomy, and Continence Nursing : Official Publication of the Wound, Ostomy and Continence Nurses Society

|July 12, 2018

Abstract

Purpose:

This purpose of this study was to measure the prevalence of incontinence, incontinence-associated dermatitis (IAD), and pressure injuries (PIs) in a local health district in Australia. We also aimed to determine associated evidence-into-practice gaps.

Design:

Multisite mixed-methods study.

Subjects And Settings:

The sample comprised 250 adult patients in 12 units across 4 hospitals; their mean age was 73 years. Nurses caring for the patient at the time of the audit were questioned on nursing practice for patients with incontinence.

Methods:

A 2-page audit tool was developed and used to capture demographic data, continence and mobility status, IAD and PI, incontinence products, nursing practice observations, and nurses' comments. Each patient was assessed by 2 senior nurses. Quantitative analysis included descriptive statistics and bivariate analysis using a χ test to examine the association between mobility and incontinence and a Fisher exact test to examine the association between IAD and PI. Content analysis was used to analyze qualitative data and develop themes.

Results:

Almost half of patients had incontinence (n = 111/250), 20.7% of patients with incontinence (n = 23/111) had IAD, and 6.3% (n = 7/111) had hospital-acquired PI. There was a significant association between incontinence and mobility, and between IAD and PIs. In addition, 22.3% of patients who were continent (31/139) were wearing an incontinence product. Analysis of qualitative data found that both incontinence management and language used to refer to incontinence pads were incompatible with current best practices.

Conclusion:

The prevalence of incontinence among patients observed in this study was similar to rates reported internationally, but the prevalence of IAD was slightly lower. The association between IAD and PIs, as well as incontinence and mobility, was statistically and clinically significant. Nurses commonly used interventions with little or no evidence. Hospitals should put measures in place to improve nurses' knowledge of incontinence, IAD, and PI practices.

More Related Videos

Mouse Model of Pressure Ulcers After Spinal Cord Injury

Mouse Model of Pressure Ulcers After Spinal Cord Injury

Published on: March 9, 2019

Recognition of Epidermal Transglutaminase by IgA and Tissue Transglutaminase 2 Antibodies in a Rare Case of Rhesus Dermatitis

Recognition of Epidermal Transglutaminase by IgA and Tissue Transglutaminase 2 Antibodies in a Rare Case of Rhesus Dermatitis

Published on: December 15, 2011

Related Concept Videos

Mixing Concrete

Mixing Concrete

Concrete mixing ensures a homogenous blend where aggregates are well-coated with cement paste. Concrete mixing is typically done using two main types of mixers: batch and continuous. Batch mixers handle one batch at a time, thoroughly combining materials before discharging and receiving the next batch. In contrast, continuous mixers receive a steady flow of ingredients, mixing them consistently and discharging without interruption. Within batch mixers, tilting drum mixers mix with internal...

Mixing Time

Mixing Time

The concept of mixing time is significant in producing a uniform concrete mix with the required strength. The mixing period starts once all components are in the mixer. Initially, the mixer is charged with 10% of the water, followed by the consistent addition of solids and then 80% of the water. The remaining water is added later, within the first quarter of the mixing period. The minimum mixing time varies according to the mixer's capacity; for example, mixers with up to 1 cubic yard...

Ready Mixed Concrete

Ready Mixed Concrete

Ready-mixed concrete, also known as pre-mixed concrete, is prepared in a centralized plant and then transported in trucks to construction sites where it is ready for placement. This type of concrete is categorized into central-mixed, truck-mixed (or transit-mixed), and shrink-mixed. Central-mixed concrete is entirely prepared at a plant and moved to the site in agitator trucks that rotate at a speed of 2 to 6 rpm. Truck-mixed concrete, on the other hand, has the ingredients batched at the plant...

Vapor Pressure

Vapor Pressure

When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase molecules move randomly about, they will occasionally collide with the surface of the condensed phase, and in some cases, these collisions will result in the molecules re-entering the condensed phase. The change from the gas phase to the liquid is called condensation. When the rate of condensation becomes equal to the rate of vaporization, neither the amount of the liquid nor the amount of the vapor...

Health Literacy

Health Literacy

Health literacy is an individual's or a community's capacity to comprehend, receive, read, and use relevant healthcare information and services. The World Health Organization (WHO, 2018) defines health literacy as the cognitive and social skills that determine the ability of individuals to gain access to, understand, and use information in ways that promote and maintain good health. As a result, the WHO helps individuals manage long-term health concerns, participate in preventative...

Definition and Measurement of Pressure: Atmospheric Pressure, Barometer, and Manometer

Definition and Measurement of Pressure: Atmospheric Pressure, Barometer, and Manometer

Gas pressure is caused by force exerted by gas molecules colliding with the surfaces of objects. Although the force of each collision is very small, any surface of an appreciable area experiences a large number of collisions in a short time, which can result in high pressure.

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Risk factors and interventions for patient aggression and violence towards healthcare workers: An umbrella review of emergency and psychiatric settings.

General hospital psychiatry·2026

Associations of RAS inhibitors and Calcium Channel Blockers with Liver Stiffness Dynamics and Long-term Liver-Related Events in MASLD.

Clinical gastroenterology and hepatology : the official clinical practice journal of the American Gastroenterological Association·2026

Uptake and useability of a digital solution to assessing behaviours of concern in the emergency department: A multi-methods study.

Australasian emergency care·2026

It's a 'tick and flick' checklist: How nurses experience pressure injury risk assessment and care planning in hospitals - A qualitative study.

Journal of tissue viability·2026

Markedly elevated alpha-fetoprotein leading to the diagnosis of high-grade endometrial carcinoma during hepatocellular carcinoma surveillance.

Gynecologic oncology reports·2026

Personalized Prediction of the Individual Risk of Liver-Related Events in Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease Using the Dynamics of Noninvasive Tests.

Clinical gastroenterology and hepatology : the official clinical practice journal of the American Gastroenterological Association·2026

See all related articles