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Related Concept Videos

Conjugate Addition (1,4-Addition) vs Direct Addition (1,2-Addition)01:27

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α,β-Unsaturated carbonyl compounds with two electrophilic sites, the carbonyl carbon, and the β carbon, are susceptible to nucleophilic attack via two modes: conjugate or 1,4-addition and direct or 1,2-addition.
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The attack of a nucleophile at the β carbon of an α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compound is called conjugate addition. Conjugate addition reactions of active methylene compounds, such as β-diketones, β-keto esters, β-keto nitriles, and α-nitro ketones, are called Michael addition reactions.
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When understanding the effects of multiple forces acting on an object, vector addition is a crucial concept to grasp. This mathematical concept can be used to calculate the net force acting on an object when two or more forces are involved.
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Radicals can be formed by adding a radical to a spin-paired molecule. This is typically observed with unsaturated species, where the addition of a radical across the π bond leads to the production of a new radical by dissolving the π bond. For example, the addition of a Br radical to an alkene yields a carbon-centered radical.
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Record Efficiency Stable Flexible Perovskite Solar Cell Using Effective Additive Assistant Strategy.

Jiangshan Feng1, Xuejie Zhu1, Zhou Yang1

  • 1Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China.

Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)
|July 12, 2018
PubMed
Summary

A new dimethyl sulfide (DS) additive boosts flexible perovskite solar cell (F-PSC) performance. This additive improves crystallization, reduces defects, and enhances both efficiency and stability in F-PSCs.

Keywords:
additivedimethyl sulfideflexiblegrain sizeperovskite solar cell

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Renewable Energy
  • Photovoltaics

Background:

  • Flexible perovskite solar cells (F-PSCs) offer potential for portable and wearable electronics.
  • Despite advances in rigid perovskite solar cells (PSCs), F-PSCs lag in power conversion efficiency (PCE).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel additive for enhancing the performance of F-PSCs.
  • To investigate the mechanism by which the additive improves perovskite film quality and device performance.

Main Methods:

  • Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to analyze the interaction between the additive and perovskite components.
  • Perovskite films were fabricated with and without the dimethyl sulfide (DS) additive.
  • Characterization of perovskite film crystallinity, grain size, and trap density.
  • Fabrication and testing of flexible perovskite solar cell devices.

Main Results:

  • The DS additive reacts with Pb2+, forming a chelated intermediate that slows crystallization, leading to larger grain sizes and improved crystallinity.
  • Trap density in the perovskite film was reduced by an order of magnitude with the DS additive.
  • F-PSCs achieved a PCE of 18.40%, the highest reported for this type of device, with enhanced mechanical tolerance.
  • Environmental stability of F-PSCs improved 1.72-fold compared to control devices.

Conclusions:

  • Dimethyl sulfide (DS) is an effective additive for improving the performance and stability of flexible perovskite solar cells.
  • The additive's mechanism involves controlled crystallization kinetics, leading to superior film quality and reduced degradation.
  • This strategy holds promise for the development of high-efficiency F-PSCs for practical applications.