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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Updated: Feb 7, 2026

Exploring the Potential of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Sheet on The Development of Hepatocellular Carcinoma In Vivo
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Recent developments with immunotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma.

Oliver Waidmann1

  • 1a Medizinische Klinik 1 , Universitätsklinikum Frankfurt , Frankfurt , Germany.

Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy
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PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Immunotherapy is emerging as a new standard for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), showing promise over traditional tyrosine-kinase inhibitors (TKIs). Combination therapies are crucial to improve response rates in HCC patients.

Keywords:
Hepatocellular carcinomaanti-CTLA-4anti-PD-L1anti-PD1bispecific antibodychimeric antigen receptorimmunotherapyoncolytic virusreceptor tyrosine kinase inhibitorsorafenib

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Area of Science:

  • Hepatobiliary cancers
  • Medical oncology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) treatment is evolving.
  • Immunotherapy offers higher response rates and fewer side effects than tyrosine-kinase inhibitors (TKIs).
  • Sorafenib may be replaced by immunotherapeutics in first-line treatment for HCC.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Review recent clinical data on systemic agents for advanced HCC.
  • Focus on immunotherapy advancements and ongoing clinical trials.
  • Evaluate the efficacy of current immunotherapies and explore future combination strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of clinical data and ongoing trials in advanced HCC.
  • Analysis of programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) antibody efficacy (nivolumab, pembrolizumab).
  • Assessment of response rates and identification of limitations in current immunotherapy.

Main Results:

  • PD-1 antibodies show promise in therapy-naïve and pre-treated advanced HCC patients.
  • Objective and durable responses observed in 10-20% of patients.
  • Current immunotherapies have limitations in unselected patient populations.

Conclusions:

  • Immunotherapy is a leading treatment for advanced HCC, potentially replacing TKIs.
  • Combination therapies involving PD-1/PD-L1, CTLA-4 antibodies, small molecules, or bifunctional antibodies are necessary.
  • Improving response rates requires novel therapeutic strategies for advanced HCC.