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Related Concept Videos

Transcription Elongation Factors02:35

Transcription Elongation Factors

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Transcription elongation is a dynamic process that alters depending upon the sequence heterogeneity of the DNA being transcribed. Hence, it is not surprising that the elongation complex's composition also varies along the way while transcribing a gene.
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Certain biochemical processes, such as embryonic development and cell growth regulation, depend on the repression of specific genes. DNA binding proteins known as eukaryotic transcription inhibitors regulate the repression of gene expression in eukaryotes. The presence of these inhibitors at the required location and time in the cell is triggered by the presence of hormones and additional signals from other cells.
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Each human somatic cell contains 6 billion base-pairs of DNA. Each base-pair is 0.34 nm long, which means that each diploid cell contains a staggering 2 meters of DNA. How is such a long DNA strand packed inside a nucleus measuring only 10 - 20 microns in diameter? 
The chromatin
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The histone proteins in the nucleosomes are post-translationally modified (PTM) to increase or decrease access to DNA. The commonly observed PTMs are methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination of lysine amino acids in the histone H3 tail region. These histone modifications have specific meaning for the cell. Hence, they are called "histone code". The protein complex involved in histone modification is termed as "reader-writer" complex.
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Chromatin is the massive complex of DNA and proteins packaged inside the nucleus. The complexity of chromatin folding and how it is packaged inside the nucleus greatly influences  access to genetic information. Generally, the nucleus' periphery is considered transcriptionally repressive, while the cell's interior is considered a transcriptionally active area. 
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In eukaryotic cells, nascent mRNA transcripts need to undergo many post-transcriptional modifications to reach the cell cytoplasm and translate into functional proteins. For a long time, transcription and pre-mRNA processing were considered two independent events that occur sequentially in the cell. However, it has now been well established that transcription and pre-mRNA processing are two simultaneous processes that are precisely regulated inside the cell.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 7, 2026

Isolation and Characterization of Mouse Antral Oocytes Based on Nucleolar Chromatin Organization
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Isolation and Characterization of Mouse Antral Oocytes Based on Nucleolar Chromatin Organization

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Chromatin Accessibility Impacts Transcriptional Reprogramming in Oocytes.

Kei Miyamoto1, Khoi T Nguyen2, George E Allen3

  • 1Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QN, United Kingdom; Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University, Wakayama 649-6493, Japan.

Cell Reports
|July 12, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Somatic cell nuclear reprogramming in oocytes depends on chromatin accessibility. Pre-existing open transcription start sites and oocyte transcription factors facilitate gene activation, while closed chromatin hinders reprogramming.

Keywords:
nuclear transferopen chromatinreprogrammingtranscriptional activation

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Chromatin Spread Preparations for the Analysis of Mouse Oocyte Progression from Prophase to Metaphase II
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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Epigenetics
  • Cellular Reprogramming

Background:

  • Oocytes possess a unique capacity to reprogram somatic cells, reactivating silenced genes.
  • The influence of somatic cell chromatin architecture on this transcriptional reprogramming remains poorly understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between chromatin opening and transcriptional activation during nuclear reprogramming.
  • To determine how chromatin accessibility in somatic nuclei impacts gene reactivation within oocytes.

Main Methods:

  • Nuclear transfer of somatic cell nuclei into Xenopus oocytes.
  • Analysis of chromatin accessibility changes using assays measuring open chromatin regions.
  • Correlation of chromatin states with gene expression patterns post-nuclear transfer.

Main Results:

  • Genes with pre-existing open transcription start sites in somatic cells were more readily activated after nuclear transfer.
  • Oocyte transcription factors contributed to activating genes by establishing new open chromatin sites.
  • Genes resistant to reprogramming were consistently associated with closed chromatin configurations.

Conclusions:

  • Chromatin accessibility is a critical determinant for successful transcriptional reprogramming by oocytes.
  • The intrinsic chromatin signature of somatic nuclei significantly influences the extent of gene reactivation.
  • Both pre-existing chromatin states and oocyte-derived factors play roles in reprogramming outcomes.