Epstein-Barr Virus Nuclear Antigen 3C Facilitates Cell Proliferation by Regulating Cyclin D2

Cell cycle regulation is one of the hallmarks of virus-mediated oncogenesis. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-induced lymphomas express a repertoire of essential viral latent proteins that regulate expression of cell cycle-related proteins to dysregulate this process, thereby facilitating the proliferation of infected cells. We now demonstrate that the essential EBV latent protein 3C (EBNA3C) stabilizes cyclin D2 to regulate cell cycle progression. More specifically, EBNA3C directly binds to cyclin D2 and they colocalize together in nuclear compartments. We show that EBNA3C regulates the promoter of cyclin D2 through cooperation with master transcription factor Bcl6 and enhances its stability by inhibiting its ubiquitin-dependent degradation. EBNA3C also promoted cell proliferation in the presence of cyclin D2, suggesting that cyclin D2 contributes to EBNA3C-mediated cell cycle progression. These results provide new clues as to the role of this essential viral latent protein and its ability to regulate expression of cellular factors, which drives the oncogenic process.IMPORTANCE Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is the first identified human tumor virus and is associated with a range of human cancers. During EBV-induced lymphomas, the essential viral latent proteins modify the expression of cell cycle-related proteins to disturb the cell cycle process, thereby facilitating the proliferative process. The essential EBV nuclear antigen 3C (EBNA3C) plays an important role in EBV-mediated B-cell transformation. Here we show that EBNA3C stabilizes cyclin D2 to regulate cell cycle progression. More specifically, EBNA3C directly binds to cyclin D2, and they colocalize together in nuclear compartments. EBNA3C enhances cyclin D2 stability by inhibiting its ubiquitin-dependent degradation and significantly promotes cell proliferation in the presence of cyclin D2. Our results provide novel insights into the function of EBNA3C on cell progression by regulating the cyclin D2 protein and raise the possibility of the development of new anticancer therapies against EBV-associated cancers.