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Updated: Feb 7, 2026

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Evaluation of skin viability in nipple sparing mastectomy (NSM)

Michael R Zenn1

  • 1Zenn Plastic Surgery, Raleigh, NC, USA.

Gland Surgery
|July 13, 2018
PubMed

Nipple sparing mastectomy (NSM) is quickly becoming the standard of care due to earlier stage of breast cancer diagnosis, increased prevalence of prophylactic mastectomies, improved surgical techniques, and the desire of women to keep their nipples. However, the procedure is plagued with problems of nipple and skin necrosis due to the inherent ischemic nature of mastectomy. Indocyanine green (ICG) technologies offer surgeons new information that is helpful in the battle to reduce these devastating complications.

Keywords:
Nipple sparing mastectomy (NSM)indocyanine green (ICG)necrosis

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