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Related Concept Videos

Vision01:24

Vision

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Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.
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Color Vision01:24

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Color perception begins in the retina, the light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye. Two main theories explain how colors are seen: the trichromatic theory and the opponent-process theory. The trichromatic theory, proposed by Thomas Young in 1802 and extended by Hermann von Helmholtz in 1852, suggests that color vision is based on three types of cone receptors in the retina. These cones are sensitive to different but overlapping ranges of wavelengths corresponding to red, blue, and green.
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Primary Healthcare Services01:30

Primary Healthcare Services

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Primary care promotes wellness and prevents disease. This care includes health promotion, education, protection (such as immunizations), early disease screening, and environmental considerations. Settings providing this type of healthcare include physician offices, public health clinics, school nursing, and community health nursing.
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Preventive healthcare services keep people healthy via frequent check-ups, screening, and counseling. They primarily aid in disease prevention rather than treating an acute or chronic illness. Preventive treatment also keeps individuals productive and energetic, allowing them to work well into their retirement years. Examples of preventive care services include:
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Depth perception is the ability to perceive objects three-dimensionally. It relies on two types of cues: binocular and monocular. Binocular cues depend on the combination of images from both eyes and how the eyes work together. Since the eyes are in slightly different positions, each eye captures a slightly different image. This disparity between images, known as binocular disparity, helps the brain interpret depth. When the brain compares these images, it determines the distance to an object.
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A difference amplifier, a crucial component in numerous electronic devices, ideally amplifies only the difference-mode signal, which is the difference between two input signals. However, in practical circuits, the output voltage depends on both the differential gain and the common-mode gain.
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Updated: Feb 7, 2026

A Practical Guide to Phylogenetics for Nonexperts
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Low vision services: a practical guide for the clinician.

Parth Shah1, Stephen G Schwartz1, Scott Gartner2

  • 1Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Naples, FL, USA.

Therapeutic Advances in Ophthalmology
|July 13, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Low vision, often caused by AMD, glaucoma, or diabetic retinopathy, significantly impacts quality of life. Early referral to low vision specialists can improve patient outcomes and maximize remaining sight.

Keywords:
age-related macular degenerationdiabetic retinopathyglaucomalow visionquality of life

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Optometry
  • Rehabilitation Medicine

Background:

  • Low vision is defined by best-corrected visual acuity worse than 20/40, significant visual field loss, or reduced contrast sensitivity.
  • Common causes in the U.S. include age-related macular degeneration, glaucoma, and diabetic retinopathy.
  • Affects all ages, leading to decreased quality of life, emotional distress, and depression.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To define low vision and its common causes.
  • To outline the goals and methods of low vision rehabilitation.
  • To emphasize the importance of early referral to low vision specialists.

Main Methods:

  • Review of low vision definition and etiologies.
  • Description of rehabilitation strategies including optical aids, training, and support.
  • Identification of clinical indicators for referral.

Main Results:

  • Low vision significantly impacts daily activities like reading, mobility, and face recognition.
  • Rehabilitation aims to maximize remaining vision and improve patient function.
  • Technological innovations offer new rehabilitation options.

Conclusions:

  • Early referral to low vision specialists is crucial for optimizing patient outcomes.
  • A multidisciplinary approach involving optical aids, training, and psychosocial support is key.
  • Addressing low vision can mitigate emotional distress and improve overall quality of life.