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Related Concept Videos

Decreased Body Temperature01:29

Decreased Body Temperature

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A decreased body temperature can occur in patients with hypothermia and frostbite. Heat loss with extended cold exposure overpowers the body's ability to create heat, resulting in hypothermia. Core temperature readings help classify hypothermia. Mild hypothermia is temperatures between 32 °C (89.6 °F) and 35°C (95 °F) and is caused by impaired thermoregulation. Moderate hypothermia is temperatures between 28 C (82.4 °F) and 32 °C (89.6 °F) caused by...
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Increased Body Temperature01:25

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A body temperature above  38°C  (100.4 °F) is known as fever or pyrexia, and a person with fever is termed 'febrile.' Typically, the hypothalamus, a part of the brain that acts as the body's thermostat, regulates body temperature through a thermoregulatory setpoint. It receives signals from cold and warm thermal receptors throughout the body and adjusts the body's temperature accordingly. Fever occurs when this hypothalamic setpoint is altered, usually in...
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Boiling Point Elevation
The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which its vapor pressure is equal to ambient atmospheric pressure. Since the vapor pressure of a solution is lowered due to the presence of nonvolatile solutes, it stands to reason that the solution’s boiling point will subsequently be increased. Vapor pressure increases with temperature, and so a solution will require a higher temperature than will pure solvent to achieve any given vapor pressure, including one...
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The Soil Ecosystem02:23

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Plants obtain inorganic minerals and water from the soil, which acts as a natural medium for land plants. The composition and quality of soil depend not only on the chemical constituents but also on the presence of living organisms. In general, soils contain three major components:
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Decreasing Function01:27

Decreasing Function

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A decreasing function describes a relationship where the output consistently declines as the input increases. This means that for any two input values, if one is greater than the other, the corresponding output is smaller. Mathematically, a function f is decreasing on an interval I if for every x1 < x2​ in I, f (x1) > f (x2). This type of behavior is visually identified on a graph that slopes downward from left to right.The nature of a function can be analyzed by calculating...
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ATP Yield01:31

ATP Yield

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Cellular respiration produces 30 - 32 ATP per glucose molecule. Although most of the ATP results from oxidative phosphorylation and the electron transport chain (ETC), 4 ATP are gained beforehand (2 from glycolysis and 2 from the citric acid cycle).
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 7, 2026

Untargeted Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry-Based Metabolomics Analysis of Wheat Grain
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Elevated temperature reduces wheat grain yield by increasing pests and decreasing soil mutualists.

Baoliang Tian1, Zhenzhen Yu1, Yingchun Pei1

  • 1College of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China.

Pest Management Science
|July 13, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Elevated temperatures reduce winter wheat yield and quality by impacting plant growth and beneficial soil fungi. Warming also increases pest insects and weeds, further harming crop production.

Keywords:
AMFaphidbiological interactionsbiotic communityqualitywarming

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Area of Science:

  • Agricultural Science
  • Climate Change Biology
  • Ecology

Background:

  • Climate warming impacts species' phenology, abundance, and interactions.
  • Understanding crop and associated community responses to warming is vital for food security.
  • A two-year field study investigated elevated temperature effects on winter wheat and its associated organisms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the impact of elevated temperature on winter wheat growth, grain quality, and associated biotic communities.
  • To determine how warming influences insect pests, natural enemies, soil microbes, and weeds in a wheat agroecosystem.
  • To elucidate the direct and indirect effects of warming on crop yield through community interactions.

Main Methods:

  • Field study over two years with controlled elevated temperatures.
  • Monitoring of winter wheat growth, grain yield, and quality parameters.
  • Assessment of insect pests, natural enemies, ground arthropods, weeds, and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) community composition and abundance.

Main Results:

  • Elevated temperature shortened wheat growth duration, decreased grain yield, and reduced grain quality (increased fiber, decreased gluten, protein, sugars, starch).
  • Warming increased aphid abundance and decreased arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) colonization rates.
  • Structural equation modeling revealed direct negative effects of warming on yield, augmented by indirect negative effects from increased aphids, weeds, and decreased AMF.

Conclusions:

  • Climate change directly and indirectly affects crop production and quality by altering aboveground and belowground organism interactions.
  • Future crop climate change studies must integrate the responses of biotic communities and their interactions.
  • Warming-induced shifts in agroecosystem communities pose risks to wheat production and necessitate adaptive strategies.