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[All-Fiber Mach-Zehnder Interferometer Based on Lateral-Offset and Peanut Shape Structure].

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    A novel in-fiber Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) using lateral-offset and peanut structures accurately measures liquid level and curvature. This cost-effective fiber optic sensor offers high sensitivity for environmental monitoring applications.

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    Area of Science:

    • Photonics and Optical Sensing
    • Fiber Optic Sensors
    • Interferometry

    Background:

    • Mach-Zehnder interferometers (MZIs) are widely used for sensing applications.
    • Existing fiber optic sensors face challenges in sensitivity and fabrication complexity.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To propose and demonstrate a new in-fiber Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) for measuring curvature and liquid level.
    • To investigate the sensor's performance and sensitivity characteristics.

    Main Methods:

    • Fabrication of an in-fiber MZI by splicing lateral-offset and peanut shape structures with a single-mode fiber section.
    • Excitation of core modes to cladding modes via lateral-offset and re-coupling via the peanut shape structure.
    • Analysis of interference spectrum shifts in response to changes in liquid level and curvature.

    Main Results:

    • Achieved a high-quality interference spectrum with ~12 dB fringe visibility.
    • Demonstrated linear dependence between wavelength valley shift and variations in liquid level and curvature.
    • Measured sensitivities of -0.68 nm·cm⁻¹ for liquid level and 22.47 nm·m for curvature.

    Conclusions:

    • The proposed in-fiber MZI offers a cost-effective and easily fabricated solution for liquid level and curvature sensing.
    • The sensor exhibits high sensitivity, particularly for curvature measurement, outperforming existing fiber curvature sensors.
    • Potential for practical applications in environmental monitoring and structural health assessment.