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Gain

Gain

Gain and phase shift are properties of linear circuits that describe the effect a circuit has on a sinusoidal input voltage or current. The circuit's behavior that contains reactive elements will depend on the frequency of the input sinusoid. As a result, it is observed that the gain and phase shift will all be frequency functions.
Gain:
Suppose Vin is the input and Vout is the output signal to a circuit.

Translation

Translation

Lesson: Translation
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of...

Translation

Translation

Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of Life
Proteins are...

Initiation of Translation

Initiation of Translation

Initiating translation is complex because it involves multiple molecules. Initiator tRNA, ribosomal subunits, and eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) are all required to assemble on the initiation codon of mRNA. This process consists of several steps that are mediated by different eIFs.
First, the initiator tRNA must be selected from the pool of elongator tRNAs by eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2). The initiator tRNA (Met-tRNAi) has conserved sequence elements including modified bases at...

Termination of Translation

Termination of Translation

The large ribosomal subunit has several important structures essential to translation. These include the peptidyl transferase center (PTC) - which is the site where the peptide bond is formed - and a large, internal, water-filled tube through which the nascent polypeptide moves. This latter structure is called the Peptide Exit Tunnel, and it begins at the PTC and spans the body of the large ribosomal subunit. During translation, as the nascent polypeptide chain is synthesized, it passes through...

Termination of Translation

Termination of Translation

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 7, 2026

Use of pHluorin to Assess the Dynamics of Axon Guidance Receptors in Cell Culture and in the Chick Embryo

Use of pHluorin to Assess the Dynamics of Axon Guidance Receptors in Cell Culture and in the Chick Embryo

Published on: January 12, 2014

Axon Guidance: Gained in Translation.

Frédéric Charron¹

¹Montreal Clinical Research Institute (IRCM), 110 Pine Ave West, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Biology, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, and Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada.

|July 13, 2018

Summary

Researchers developed a new method to identify newly synthesized axonal proteins. Different axon guidance cues, like Netrin-1, BDNF, and Sema3A, trigger unique and shared protein synthesis patterns in axons.

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Last Updated: Feb 7, 2026

Use of pHluorin to Assess the Dynamics of Axon Guidance Receptors in Cell Culture and in the Chick Embryo

Use of pHluorin to Assess the Dynamics of Axon Guidance Receptors in Cell Culture and in the Chick Embryo

Published on: January 12, 2014

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Morphological and Functional Evaluation of Axons and their Synapses during Axon Death in Drosophila melanogaster

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Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Molecular Biology
Cell Biology

Background:

Axon guidance is crucial for neural circuit formation.
Understanding axonal protein synthesis in response to guidance cues is essential for neural development and repair.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop an unbiased method for identifying newly synthesized axonal proteins.
To investigate the protein synthesis signatures in axons responding to distinct guidance cues.

Main Methods:

Development of a novel proteomic approach to label and identify newly synthesized proteins specifically within axons.
Stimulation of axons with Netrin-1, Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF), and Semaphorin 3A (Sema3A).
Mass spectrometry-based proteomic analysis to compare protein synthesis profiles.

Main Results:

Identification of a unique set of newly synthesized axonal proteins in response to each guidance cue.
Discovery of common protein synthesis signatures shared across different guidance cue stimulations.
The study provides a comprehensive map of the axonal proteome's dynamic response to guidance signals.

Conclusions:

The developed method allows for unbiased identification of axonal protein synthesis.
Axon guidance cues induce specific and overlapping changes in axonal protein synthesis.
These findings offer insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying axon guidance and neural wiring.