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Related Concept Videos

Animal Mitochondrial Genetics02:59

Animal Mitochondrial Genetics

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Among all the organelles in an animal cell, only mitochondria have their own independent genomes. Animal mitochondrial DNA is a double-stranded, closed-circular molecule with around 20,000 base pairs. Mitochondrial DNA is unique in that one of its two strands, the heavy, or H, -strand is guanine rich, whereas the complementary strand is cytosine rich and called the light, or L, -strand. Compared to nuclear DNA, mitochondrial DNA has a very low percentage of non-coding regions and is marked by...
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The present-day mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes have retained some of the characteristics of their ancestral prokaryotes and also have acquired new attributes during their evolution within eukaryotic cells. Like prokaryotic genomes, mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes neither bind with histone-like proteins nor show complex packaging into chromosome-like structures, as observed in eukaryotes. Unlike mitotic cell divisions observed in eukaryotic cells, mitochondria and chloroplasts...
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A eukaryotic cell can have up to three different types of genetic systems: nuclear, mitochondrial, and chloroplast. During evolution, organelles have exported many genes to the nucleus; this transfer is still ongoing in some plant species. Approximately 18% of the Arabidopsis thaliana nuclear genome is thought to be derived from the chloroplast’s cyanobacterial ancestor, and around 75% of the yeast genome derived from the mitochondria’s bacterial ancestor. This export has occurred...
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The Inner Mitochondrial Membrane01:28

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The inner mitochondrial membrane is the primary site of ATP synthesis. The inner membrane domain that forms a smooth layer adjacent to the outer membrane is called the inner boundary membrane. This domain contains membrane transporters that drive metabolites in and out of the mitochondria.  In contrast, the inner membrane network that invaginates into the matrix space is called the cristae membrane. This domain accounts for principle mitochondrial function as it accommodates the protein...
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A single mitochondrion is a bean-shaped organelle enclosed by a double-membrane system. The outer membrane of mitochondria is smooth and contains many porins - the integral membrane transporters. Porins enable free diffusion of ions and small uncharged molecules through the outer mitochondrial membrane but limit the transport of molecules larger than 5000 Daltons. Further, the outer mitochondrial membrane forms a unique structure called membrane contact sites with other subcellular organelles,...
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Genotyping Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in the Mitochondrial Genome by Pyrosequencing
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The need for donor consent in mitochondrial replacement.

G Owen Schaefer

    Journal of Medical Ethics
    |July 14, 2018
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) uses donor eggs, requiring specific consent. Proper ethical consent from egg donors is crucial for MRT, especially as the technique develops and becomes more common.

    Keywords:
    in vitro fertilization and embryo transferinformed consentreproductive medicine

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    Area of Science:

    • Reproductive medicine
    • Bioethics
    • Genetics

    Background:

    • Mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) involves using oocytes from women whose mitochondrial DNA will be passed to offspring.
    • Ethical, scientific, and social controversies surround MRT techniques.
    • Some oocyte donors for in vitro fertilization (IVF) may object to their genetic material being used in MRT.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To highlight the ethical considerations of oocyte donation for mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT).
    • To emphasize the necessity of informed consent in the context of MRT.
    • To address the ethical lapse in a reported case of MRT lacking donor consent.

    Main Methods:

    • Ethical analysis of consent processes in assisted reproductive technologies.
    • Review of current practices and guidelines for oocyte donation.
    • Discussion of emerging techniques in reproductive medicine.

    Main Results:

    • Oocyte donation for MRT necessitates careful consideration within the broader context of oocyte donation.
    • Specific consent for MRT is currently required due to its emerging nature.
    • The absence of proper consent from an oocyte donor in a previous MRT case represents an ethical failure.

    Conclusions:

    • Informed consent is paramount in mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT).
    • Consent procedures for oocyte donation must explicitly address the potential use of oocytes for MRT.
    • Future MRT practices must rectify the ethical shortcomings regarding donor consent to ensure ethical integrity.