Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Types of Radioactivity

Types of Radioactivity

The most common types of radioactivity are α decay, β decay, γ decay, neutron emission, and electron capture.
Alpha (α) decay is the emission of an α particle from the nucleus. For example, polonium-210 undergoes α decay:

Threats to Biodiversity

Threats to Biodiversity

There have been five major extinction events throughout geological history, resulting in the elimination of biodiversity, followed by a rebound of species that adapted to the new conditions. In the current geological epoch, the Holocene, there is a sixth extinction event in progress. This mass extinction has been attributed to human activities and is thus provisionally called the Anthropocene. In 2019 the human population reached 7.7 billion people and is projected to comprise 10 billion by...

Bullying

Bullying

A modern form of aggression is bullying. As you learn in your study of child development, socializing and playing with other children is beneficial for children’s psychological development. However, as you may have experienced as a child, not all play behavior has positive outcomes. Some children are aggressive and want to play roughly. Other children are selfish and do not want to share toys. One form of negative social interactions among children that has become a national concern is...

What is Conservation Biology?

What is Conservation Biology?

Conservation biology is a scientific field that focuses on the preservation of biodiversity in order to protect ecosystems while meeting the needs of the human population. Humans require properly functioning ecosystems to maintain our supply of natural resources, including food, medicines, and building materials.

Predator-Prey Interactions

Predator-Prey Interactions

Predators consume prey for energy. Predators that acquire prey and prey that avoid predation both increase their chances of survival and reproduction (i.e., fitness). Routine predator-prey interactions elicit mutual adaptations that improve predator offenses, such as claws, teeth, and speed, as well as prey defenses, including crypsis, aposematism, and mimicry. Thus, predator-prey interactions resemble an evolutionary arms race.

The Placebo Effect

The Placebo Effect

The placebo effect occurs when people's expectations or beliefs influence or determine their experience in a given situation. In other words, simply expecting something to happen can actually make it happen.

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

3D atomic structure determination with ultrashort-pulse MeV electron diffraction.

IUCrJ·2026

Same author

Computational analysis tools for magnetic structures in the Bilbao Crystallographic Server.

Acta crystallographica Section B, Structural science, crystal engineering and materials·2025

Same author

Towards dynamically configured databases for CIFs: the new modulated structures open database at the Bilbao Crystallographic Server.

Journal of applied crystallography·2024

Same author

Cryo-tomography and 3D Electron Diffraction Reveal the Polar Habit and Chiral Structure of the Malaria Pigment Crystal Hemozoin.

ACS central science·2024

Same author

Multi-step nucleation pathway of C-S-H during cement hydration from atomistic simulations.

Nature communications·2023

Same author

Quantitative three-dimensional local order analysis of nanomaterials through electron diffraction.

Nature communications·2023

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 7, 2026

Tuning Oxide Properties by Oxygen Vacancy Control During Growth and Annealing

Tuning Oxide Properties by Oxygen Vacancy Control During Growth and Annealing

Published on: June 9, 2023

Exploiting superspace to clarify vacancy and Al/Si ordering in mullite.

Paul Benjamin Klar¹, Iñigo Etxebarria², Gotzon Madariaga¹

¹Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU, Apartado 644, Bilbao 48080, Spain.

|July 14, 2018

Summary

Mullite

Keywords:

Al/Si ordering ceramics incommensurate structures superspace vacancy ordering

More Related Videos

Assessing the Putative Anticryptococcal Properties of Crude and Clarified Extracts from Mollusks

Assessing the Putative Anticryptococcal Properties of Crude and Clarified Extracts from Mollusks

Published on: December 2, 2022

Exploiting Live Imaging to Track Nuclei During Myoblast Differentiation and Fusion

Exploiting Live Imaging to Track Nuclei During Myoblast Differentiation and Fusion

Published on: April 13, 2019

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 7, 2026

Tuning Oxide Properties by Oxygen Vacancy Control During Growth and Annealing

Tuning Oxide Properties by Oxygen Vacancy Control During Growth and Annealing

Published on: June 9, 2023

Assessing the Putative Anticryptococcal Properties of Crude and Clarified Extracts from Mollusks

Assessing the Putative Anticryptococcal Properties of Crude and Clarified Extracts from Mollusks

Published on: December 2, 2022

Exploiting Live Imaging to Track Nuclei During Myoblast Differentiation and Fusion

Exploiting Live Imaging to Track Nuclei During Myoblast Differentiation and Fusion

Published on: April 13, 2019

Area of Science:

Materials Science
Crystallography
Solid-State Chemistry

Background:

Mullite (Al4+2xSi2-2xO10-x) exhibits complex structural variations.
Understanding Al/Si ordering and vacancy distribution is crucial for its properties.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the structural intricacies of mullite using advanced diffraction techniques.
To develop models explaining vacancy and Al/Si ordering.
To explore the implications for mullite's classification and applications.

Main Methods:

Synchrotron single-crystal X-ray diffraction.
(3+1)-dimensional superspace modeling with harmonic modulation functions.
Density functional theory combined with modulated tetrahedral volumes.

Main Results:

Diffuse scattering and satellite reflections indicate complex ordering in mullite.
Modulation amplitudes correlate with the degree of ordering.
A novel approach successfully determined Al/Si ordering.
Evidence of Si-Si diclusters suggests a need to review mullite's mineral classification.

Conclusions:

Mullite's crystal structure description must incorporate chemical composition and ordering degree.
Physical properties of mullite, critical for advanced ceramics, are intrinsically linked to its ordered structure.
The findings necessitate a re-evaluation of mullite's mineral classification.